NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIO 101: COURSE TITLE: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 BIO 101: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 COURSE GUIDE NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA 2 0.0 INTRODUCTION Welcome to this foundational course on the Biology of plants. You will surely find this course exiting, rewarding and challenging. It will give you some measure of insight into the world of things around you. Some of the tutorial aspects and concepts in this course will be new to you. But you will soon find out that they are not as difficult to remember after going through the material fast, noting the concepts, drawings and new ter ms. After that go through again more slowly, paying attention to details, as you take extra notes. To further consolidate your learning, read the topics covered from other reference materials available to you. The staff of the biology section of the national Open University will be available to assist you, should you have any problem. You may wish to contact them. 1.0 TUTORIAL MATTER The tutorial matter of this module consist of the following: 1.1 Study guide for module (Bio I01: General Biology 1). Please note that the study guide is not an exhaustive information on the topics discussed. It contains much of the information you need in a condensed form. By consulting other references you will be enlarging you knowledge base and preparing yourself to becoming an "A" student. The objectives at the beginning of each unit will help you to know what to pay particular attention to. 1.2 RECOMMENDED BOOKS The following books are recommended but not compulsory text materials. You may use any other textbook provided it will help you achieve the objects of the course and do your assignment. 1. Taylor, D.J. Green, N.P.O.; Stout, G.W. (1998) Biological Science, (3`d Edition). Publisher: Cambridge University Press 1998. 2. Roberts, M.B.V. (1987) Biology: a functional approach. Surrey Nelson. 3. Torrey, John G. (1987) Development in flowering plants London: Macmillan CO. 4. Dutta.AC (1987) B otany for degree students; India. Oxford Press. 5. Vines and Rees (1972) Plant and Animal Biology volume 1& 2. Great Britain Pitman Publishers. 1.3 TUTORIAL LETTERS You will receive tutorial letters from time to time. They will contain general information on your assignments and provide you with comments on assignments through the course. 3 1.0 CONTENT OF COURSE The following units will be covered in this module: Unit 1: Activities of Living Things ................................................. Unit 2: The Cell, Its General Structure and Activities .................... Unit 3 Cell Activities ..................................................................... Unit 4 Viruses……………............................................................ Unit 5: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Cells ................................ Unit 6: Fungi................................................................................... Unit 7: Algae.................................................................................. Unit8: Root................................................................................... Unit 9: The Stem ................................................................... Unit 10: the Leaf ........................................................ Unit 11: General Structure, Anatomy, Physiology of the Root ........ Unit 12: General Structure, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Stem.. Unit13: General Structure, Anatomy and Physiology of the Leaf ..... Unit 14: Flowers...........................................................………………. Unit 15: Floral Arrangements ....................................................... Unit 16: Pollination ........................................................................... Unit 17: Fruits and Seeds .................................................................... Unit 18: Seed Germination ........................................................... Unit 19: Mendel's Work and Plant Breeding ................................. Unit 20: Chromosomes ..................................................................... Unit 21: Inheritance .................................................................. 3.0 Written Examination and Adm ission to the Examination 3.1 Written Examination The final course examination consists of one two-hour paper to be written at a time decided by the National Open University (NOU). 3.2 Adm ission to the exam ination 4 To qualify to write the final examination, you must have acquired a minimum of 100 points from the three compulsor y assignments, you can accumulate your points as follows: Score Assignments 01 02 3 75 - 100% 40 Points 50 points 50 Points 60 – 74% 40 Points 45 Points 45 Points 50 – 59% 20 Points 40 Points 40 Points 40 – 49% 10 Point 35 Points 35 Points 25 – 39% 5 Point 25 Points 25 Points Under 25% 0 Point 0 Points. 0 Points Each assignment is compulsory and must be turned in by the due date. 5.0 Assignments: General Information One of the reasons you are encouraged to do your assignment and turn it in when due is that it helps to ensure you are following through with the course. Also it provides a channel or communication between the tutor and the student. It also serves as a means to direct you to other reference materials outside the study guide. Three assignments must be completed for this module. Your answers should be brief and to the point. Practice the habit of using diagrams acnhdar t s/tables to illustrate or summarise essential points. Assignment File Assignment 01 You are encouraged to keep a copy of your answers. 1. Assignment 01 (a) With the aid of a chart, show the characteristics of living things indicating how energy is extracted, converted and used from the environment. (b) Differentiate living things from non-living things by the concept of build- up and disintegration. 2. (a) Make a clear, labelled drawing of a plant cell and an animal cell. (b) Illustrate the main features of each. (c) Highlight observable differences of each. (d) Explain the organisation within a typical cell. 3 With the aid of a chart of the five kingdom classification (a) Locate the position of viruses (b) Explain why viruses are on their own 5 (c) Highlight the chief characteristics of each kingdom 4 (a) Draw and label a generalized virus (b) List and discuss the characteristics of a virus 5 (a) Draw and describe the life cycle of the HIV virus (b) Describe how HIV virus is (i) contacted (ii) transmitted (iii) its signs and symptoms 6. With the aid of a table Features Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 7. (a) Draw a typical bacterium (b) Label the parts (c) Discuss the features that made you classify bacteria in prokaryotes. 8. (a) Draw-up a flow chart on types of bacteria (b) List those features that differentiate them. 9. Describe the following processes in bacteria. (a) Reproduction (b) Growth (c) Nutrition 10. If a bacteria is placed in a nutrient medium under favourable growth conditions, if it and its descendants divide every 20 minutes complete table 10.1 use the data to draw the following graphs. Graph A: Number of bacteria and log 10. Graph B: Number of bacteria on the vertical axis against time (horizontal axis). Time (in units of 20 min.) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A Number of bacteria B Log 10 number of bacteria 6 (to one decimal C Number of bacteria expressed as power of 2 ASSIGNMENTS 02 I. Use a flow chart to differentiate types of fungi on the basis of nutrition, reproduction and location. 2. Draw a typical fungus. Label the parts. 3. List and discuss the characteristics of fungi. 4. With the aid of flow chart, differentiate types of algae on the basis of nutrition, reproduction and location. 5. Draw a typical algae, label its part 6. List and discuss the characteristic of algae 7. (a) Draw a typical flowering plant (b) List the main features of the flowering plant 8. Draw and label accurately a typical root 9. Describe how the root takes up water from the soil 10. Draw and label accurately, the structure of the stem of a typical flowering plant. ASSIGNMENT 03 1. (a) Draw the vascular bundles showing the xylem and phloem (b) Explain how water and other minerals are transported through the stem 2. Draw a typical dicotyledonous leaf and label the parts accurately 3. Discuss the functions of the leaf in a flowering plant in relation to photosynthesis 4. (a) Draw a typical flower and label the parts (b) Discuss the functions of the parts of the flower. 5. (a) What do you understand by floral diversity? (b) List different types of flower and discuss their characteristics. 6. Write short notes on: (a) Pollination (b) Fertilisation (c) Differentiate between (a) and (b) (d) Illustrate with the aid of a diagram 7. (a) Explain the mechanism of plant breeding (b) Differentiate between pure breeding and hybrid (c) What is the biological significance of plant breeding? 8. Explain the chromosomal basis of inheritance. 7 9. (a) Explain the concept of Osmosis (b) What are the various advantages of water in the field of biology? 10. (a) What is pollution? (b) Explain the meaning of Eutrophication (c) Differentiate thermal pollution from other types of pollution. 8 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA BIO 101: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 COURSE DEVELOPMENT Course Developer Unit Writer Programme Leader: DR. S. I. OGUNRINDE NOUN, LAGOS Course Coordinator: DR. JARI SANUSI NOUN, LAGOS NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA Unit 1 9 Activities of Living Things 1.0 Introduction This unit on activities of living things presents the organism, plant or animal as an entity that is capable of existing. To say an organism exists, is the same thing as saying that it is busy, it is full of life, it is going on, it is alive, it is full of energy. If you look into any biology textbook (see reference at the end of the unit), it will give you list of things that living things do to qualify them as living things and differentiates them from non living things. 2.0 Objectives: When you complete this unit successfully, you will be able to: 1 Differentiate living things from non-living things. 2 List the characteristics of living things. 3 Describe in detail those activities that distinguish living things from non living things. 4 Give examples of living things. 5 Explain how energy is transformed by living things. 6 Classif y living things based on oxygen requirement. 1.3.0 Activities of living things. 1.3.1 Ingestion 1.3.2 Assimilation . 1.3.3 Growth 1.3.4 Excretion 1.3.5 Reproduction . 1.3.6 Responsiveness 1.3.7 Co-ordination 1. 3.8 Regulation 1.3.9 Energy transformation in living things 1.3.10 Classification of living things based on energy utilization 1.4.0 Conclusion 1.5.0 Summary 1.6.0 Tutor Mark Assignment 1.7.0 References and further readings 1.8.0 Additional materials 1.3.0 Activities of Living Things All living things manifest certain characteristics. They demonstrate the ability to use energy from the environment for survival and carry out their various 10