BIM for Existing Buildings (A Study of Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Conventional Measurement Technique) Master Thesis International Master of Science in Construction and Real Estate Management Joint Study Programme of Metropolia UAS and HTW Berlin Submitted on 25.8.2017 Musa Raza S0552958 First Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Nicole, Riediger. Second Supervisor: Dipl.-Ing. Armin, Kess II Acknowledgement There are number of individuals who have contributed directly and indirectly to this Master’s work. The author would like to acknowledge the efforts of all such people involved in making this research work possible. First, I would like to thank Prof. Dr.-Ing. Nicole Riediger for listening, guiding and supporting me and making this work better as well as all my professors and teachers of HTW Berlin & Helsinki Metropolia. My sincere gratitude to Mr. Armin Kess for providing me an opportunity to work on this real-time project and his valuable time for scanning and guidance regarding the project site. Many thanks to Zsuzsa Besenyoi for guidance regarding the workflow and information regarding the case studies. Nauman Kahloon, the biggest support throughout this Master’s and thesis writing especially the committed support in further modelling of the project. My sincere thanks to Noora Kettunen for your time investment and patience through the proof reading and corrections. I’m also very grateful to the support of Cisco for making time available for us to scan the building despite the fact of doing all this during working hours. Special thanks to my mother Mrs. Jaffery and to all my family for their continuous financial support and motivation to complete this Master’s work since the very start. A dedication to Manzer Jaffery who lived and died in dream of seeing me achieving this milestone for development for my own future. Final thanks to all the researchers or individuals who did a lot of valuable work in this field and enabled me to educate and learn from their precious work. III Conceptual formulation IV Abstract Creating a BIM model of an existing architectural structure such as a building can be a time consuming and difficult undertaking. Issues such as precision, line of sight, time, and financial constraints can pose problems when creating such a model. Such issues can be dealt with terrestrial laser scanning. The traditional approach being practiced cannot be considered efficient enough in the modern era of technology and tools due to longer exposure. There is no definite framework and standardized routes to be followed. The opted or selected framework would contribute to the precision and feasibility of its use for a certain project. Conventional measurement techniques allow us to obtain the required information for the existing buildings but the use of technology is lacking in terms of its integration with the current design framework in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry (AEC), namely Building Information Modelling (BIM), as well as its limited application for renovation projects. The biggest demerit of using conventional methods for measurements and BIM model creation is a huge human effort associated with data collection, processing, storage and recording as the human beings are prone to safety hazards while measuring. A rational approach was used to address this concern by producing frameworks for traditional and TLS technology which would fit its use for the AEC users. The chosen methodology to perform this comparative study is based on the Case study and literature review. A case study was introduced to investigate the financial, time and practicality attached with both the TLS and conventional measurement technique for creating BIM model. Two different cases were used to make comparison for the TLS cost and time consumption to validate the results. The results show that there is 35% of increased budget required for the production of BIM model of an existing facility where the architectural components of the building were considered. The higher cost as compared to traditional measurement approach can be understood well knowing the capital costs involved for the interested industrial users. The case study comparative results showed that the time consumption for human exposure on to the project site is reduced to half using TLS for existing buildings BIM model as compared to traditional measurement tool. The cost for the BIM model was connected with the area of the building. Bigger area for BIM modelling resulted in lower costs using TLS. V This piece of research contributes to the knowledge of TLS by presenting a real-time example of how BIM and TLS be integrated for the existing buildings for any required purpose. This provides a development idea and model for the future users and researchers to undertake the process improvement by using this example as a practical guide for understanding the feasibility of TLS and BIM for different existing buildings. VI Table of Contents Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... II Conceptual formulation ........................................................................................................ III Abstract ................................................................................................................................... IV Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... VI Table of Figures ....................................................................................................................... X List of Tabulations ............................................................................................................... XII List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... XIII 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.1.1 Problem ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.1.2 Background .................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Aim of Research ............................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Research Methodology ................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Structure of Report ......................................................................................................... 9 2. Building Information Modeling ...................................................................................... 10 2.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Definition ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Background & Development ........................................................................................ 14 3. BIM & Existing Buildings ................................................................................................ 17 3.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Definition ...................................................................................................................... 18 3.3 BIM for existing buildings ........................................................................................... 19 VII 3.4 Potential Benefits of BIM for existing buildings.......................................................... 24 3.5 BIM with conventional measurement technique .......................................................... 25 3.6 Framework for Conventional BIM model approach .................................................... 27 4. 3D Laser Scanning, Applications & the Construction Industry .................................. 29 4.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 30 4.2 History of the technology ............................................................................................. 30 4.3 Applications .................................................................................................................. 31 4.4 Applications of Laser Scanning in AEC ....................................................................... 33 4.5 Challenges & Limitations of TLS in AEC ................................................................... 35 4.6 Chapter Summary ......................................................................................................... 36 5. Integration of BIM & Laser Scanning ............................................................................ 37 5.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 38 5.2 Integrated BIM & 3D Laser Scanning .......................................................................... 38 5.3 Industrial Development ................................................................................................ 40 5.4 Scan-to-BIM automation .............................................................................................. 42 5.5 Manual BIM ................................................................................................................. 43 5.5.1 Framework for Manual Scan to BIM ........................................................................ 44 5.5.2 Process Distribution – Phases of BIM modelling ...................................................... 45 5.6 Semi-Automated Scan to BIM approach ...................................................................... 47 5.6.1 Framework for Semi-Automated Scan to BIM approach .......................................... 48 5.6.2 Benefits observed for semi-automated scan to BIM ................................................. 49 5.7 Challenges managing point cloud data “Scan to BIM” ................................................ 50 6. Case studies for Cost & Time Comparison .................................................................... 51 6.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 52 VIII 6.2 Industrial Challenges in adoptability ............................................................................ 53 6.3 Case Study EUREF Campus ........................................................................................ 54 6.3.1 Scan Preparations ...................................................................................................... 55 6.3.2 Site Preparation.......................................................................................................... 55 6.3.3 Description of the Project .......................................................................................... 56 6.3.4 Scan Station Planning ................................................................................................ 56 6.3.5 Survey Equipment & Scan level of detail ................................................................. 57 6.3.6 Data Capturing and Processing .................................................................................. 58 6.3.7 Time Expenditure Analysis ....................................................................................... 59 6.3.8 Time estimation for Post Scanning processing .......................................................... 61 6.3.9 Post scanning approach ............................................................................................. 61 6.4 Case A........................................................................................................................... 62 6.5 Case B ........................................................................................................................... 63 6.6 Estimation of EUREF campus with Analysis of Case A & Case B ............................. 66 6.7 Cost Estimation............................................................................................................. 67 6.7.1 Assumptions .............................................................................................................. 68 6.7.2 Case A........................................................................................................................ 69 6.7.3 Case B ........................................................................................................................ 70 6.7.4 EUREF Campus ........................................................................................................ 71 6.8 Cost Estimation Using Traditional Approach .............................................................. 72 7. Results & Discussion .......................................................................................................... 77 7.1 Data Collection Results ................................................................................................ 77 7.2 Results of time consumption: ....................................................................................... 78 7.3 Result of cost estimation............................................................................................... 79 IX 8. Conclusions........................................................................................................................ 81 Declaration of Authorship ..................................................................................................... 87 References ............................................................................................................................... 88 Appendixes .............................................................................................................................. 92 Appendix A Case Study drawings EUREF Campus .......................................................... 92 Appendix B Case study drawing for Case B ...................................................................... 95 X Table of Figures Figure 1-MEP arrangement and complexity in taking measurements for furnished existing buildings ................................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 2 - Widely used terms related to BIM ................................................................................. 12 Figure 3 - Common connotations of multiple BIM terms .............................................................. 12 Figure 4 - Conventional and future’s” information/data centric” model ....................................... 15 Figure 5 - Building frameworks effecting BIM applications ......................................................... 20 Figure 6 - BIM creation and life cycle of the building ................................................................... 22 Figure 7 - Selection parameters for the BIM model generation technique .................................... 23 Figure 8 - Possible cases of BIM for existing buildings ................................................................ 26 Figure 9 - Framework for BIM development of existing buildings using traditional measurements approach ................................................................................................................................. 28 Figure 10 - The earliest surveying equipment ............................................................................... 30 Figure 11 - 3D scanning uses in processes in production industry ................................................ 32 Figure 12 - Improvement of Archicad & Graphisoft over the span of last 3 years ........................ 40 Figure 13 - Categorized examples of Software for point capable of point cloud data import ....... 41 Figure 14 - Framework diagram for manual Scan-to-BIM ............................................................ 44 Figure 15 - Framework for automated “Scan to BIM” approach ................................................... 48 Figure 16 -Scan plan for external face of site Torgauer strasse 12-15 ........................................... 57 Figure 17 - Trimble TX8 scanning of interior of building in progress .......................................... 59 Figure 18 - Time consumption for each floor for the project site .................................................. 61 Figure 19 - Time consumption across phases ................................................................................ 63 Figure 20 - Exterior scan plan of Case B project ........................................................................... 64