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Bakhtin, Esthétique de la création verbale, trans. by Alfreda Aucouturier (Paris: Gallimard. 1984). ––––––––, Esthétique et théorie du roman, trans. by Daria Olivier (Paris: Gallimard, 1978). ––––––––, Marxism and the philosophy of language trans. by Ladislav Matejka and I.R. Titunik (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1986). ––––––––, Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, trans. by Vern W. McGee (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986). ––––––––, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, trans. by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981). Bal, Mieke, Narratologie. Essais sur la signification narrative dans quatre romans modernes (Paris: Klincksieck, 1977). ––––––––, ‘The Narrating and the Focalizing. A Theory of Agents in Narrative’, Style, 17.2 (1983), 234-269. Banfield, Ann, Unspeakable Sentences. Narration and Representation in the Language of Fiction (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982). Bauman, Richard, Story, Performance, and Event (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986). ––––––––, Verbal Art as Performance (Prospect Heights: Waveland, 1977). Baumgartner, Emmanuèle, ‘Les Techniques narratives dans le roman en prose’, in The Legacy of Chrétien de Troyes, 2 vols., ed. by Norris J. Lacy, Douglas Kelly & Keith Busby (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1987), I, pp. 167-190. Bäuml, F.H., ‘Varieties and Consequences of Medieval Literacy and Illiteracy’, Speculum 55 (1980), 237-265. Beck, Jonathan, ‘On Functional Multiplicity of Tense-Aspect Forms in Old French Narrative’, Romance Philology, 42:2 (1988), 129-143. Benveniste, Émile, ‘L’homme dans la langue’, in Problèmes de linguistique générale (Paris: Gallimard, 1966), pp. 223-85. ––––––––, Problèmes de linguistique générale, tome I (Paris: Gallimard. 1966). ––––––––, Problèmes de linguistique générale, tome II (Paris: Gallimard, 1974). ––––––––, Problems in General Linguistics, trans. by E. Meek (Florida: University of Miami Press, 1971). Besamusca, Bart & Frank Brandsma. ‘Between Audience and Source: the First- Person Narrator in the Middle Dutch Lanceloet’, in Conjunctures: Medieval Studies in Honor of Douglas Kelly, ed. by Keith Busby & Norris J. Lacy (Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi, 1994), pp. 15-29. Bevington, David, Medieval Drama (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975). Bik, Elisabeth J., ‘Les Interventions d’auteur dans le Tristan de Béroul’, Neophilologus, 56 (1972), 38-49. Blanc, Michel A. H., ‘Time and Tense in Old French Narrative’, Archivum Linguisticum 16. 2 (1964), 96-124. Booth, Wayne 1983, The Rhetoric of Fiction, 2nd edn (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1983). Brandsma, Frank, ‘Emergent direct discourse: a performer's nightmare?’, in ‘Por le soie amisté’: Essays in honor of Norris J. Lacy, ed. by K. Busby and C. M. Jones (Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi: 1999), pp. 15-32. ––––––––, ‘“Et la roine... s’en sourist”: Dramatic Irony and the Narrative Technique of Interlace’, Neophilologus, 73 (1989), 339-349. ––––––––, ‘La vérité vivifiée? Le discours direct aux débuts de la prose française’, Faits de Langues, 19 (2002), pp. 37-49. ––––––––, ‘Medieval Equivalents of “quote-unquote”: the Presentation of Spoken Words in Courtly Romance,’ The Court and Cultural Diversity: International Courtly Literature Soicety, 1995, ed. by Evelyn Mullally and John Thompson (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1997, pp. 287-96. Bright, William, ‘Literature: Written and Oral’, in Analyzing Discourse: Text and Talk, ed. by D. Tannen (Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1982), pp. 271-283. ––––––––, ‘Poetic Structure in Oral Narrative’, in Spoken and Written Language: Exploring Orality and Literacy, ed. by D. Tannen (Norwood: Ablex, 1982), pp.171-184. Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn, Shaping Romance: Interpretation, Truth, and Closure in Twelfth Century French Fiction (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993). Bruña-Cuevas, Manuel, ‘Le Style indirect libre chez Marie de France’, Revue de Linguistique Romane, 52 (1988), 421-446. Bullock-Davies, Constance, Ménestrellorum multitudoL Minstrels at a Royal Feast (Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 1978). Burns, E. Jane, Bodytalk: When Women Speak in Old French Literature (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993). ––––––––, ‘The Teller in the Tale, the Anonymous Estoire del Saint Graal’, in Assays, Critical Approaches to Medieval and Renaissance Texts, ed. by Peggy Ann Knapp (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press: 1985), pp. 73-84. Busby, Keith, Codex and Context. Reading Old French Verse Narrative in Manuscript (Amsterdam/New York, NY: Rodopi, 2002). Butler, Judith, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (London: Routledge, 1997). Calin, William, ‘L’Épopée dite vivante: Réflexions sur le prétendu caractère oral des chansons de geste,’ Olifant, 8 (1980), 227-37. ––––––––, ‘Littérature médiévale et hypothgèse oral: Une divergence de méthode et de philosophie,’ Olifant 8, 265-85. ––––––––, ‘Narrative Technique in Fourteenth-Century France: Froissart and his Chroniques’, in Studies in Honor of Hans-Erich Keller, ed. by R. T. Pickens (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1993), pp. 227-236. Carlson, Marvin, ‘Theatre Audiences and the Reading of Performance,’ in Interpreting the Theatrical Past: Essays in the Historiography of Performance, ed. by Thomas Postlewait and Bruce A. McConachie (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1989). Carruthers, Mary, ‘Inventional Mnemonics and the Ornaments of Style: The Case of Etymology.’ In Connotation, 2:2 (1992). ––––––––, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). Cerquiglini, Bernard, ‘La Parole étrange’, Langue française, 40 (1978), 7-16. ––––––––, La parole médiévale (Paris: Minuit, 1981). ––––––––, Bernard, ‘Le Style indirect libre et la modernité’, Langages 73 (1984), 7- 16. Cerquiglini, Bernard and others, ‘L’Objet “ancien français” et les conditions propres à sa description linguistique’, in Méthodes en grammaire française, ed. by Jean- Claude Chevalier & Maurice Gross (Paris: Klincksieck. 1976), pp. 185-200. Chase, Carol, ‘“Or dist li contes”: Narrative Interventions and the Implied Audience in the Estoire del Saint Graal’, in The Lancelot-Grail Cycle, Text and Transformation, ed. by William W. Kibler (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994) pp. 117-138. Chinca, Mark, and Christopher Young, eds., Orality and Literacy in the Middle Ages: Essays on a Conjunction and its Consequences in Honour of D.H. Green (Turnhout: Brepols, 2005). Clanchy, M.T., From Memory to Written Record: England 1066-1307(London, 1979). Cohn, Dorrit, Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978). Coleman, J., Public Reading and the Reading Public in Late Medieval England and France, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature, 26 (Cambridge, 1996). Crosby, Ruth, ‘Oral Delivery in the Middle Ages’, Speculum, 11 (1936), 88-110. Culler, Jonathan, ‘Apostrophe’, in The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 149-171. Dagenais, J., ‘That Bothersome Residue: Toward a Theory of the Physical Text’, in Vox Intexta: Orality and Textuality in the Middle Ages, ed. by A.N. Doane and C. Braun (Madison and London, 1991), pp. 246-259. Delbey, Annie, ‘Les Connecteurs car, que, puisque et la justification en ancien français’, Revue de linguistique romane, 52 (1988), 397-419. Denoyelle, Corinne, ‘Aspect et pouvoir de la parole dans la Suite du roman de Merlin’, Méthode !, 11(2006), 23-33. ––––––––, ‘Du reproche à la polémique : la mise en place de la violence verbale dans quelques œuvres du XIIe et du XIIIe siècles’ in Études médiévales, n°8, ed. by D. Buschinger (Amiens: Presses du centre d’études médiévales/ Université de Picardie. Jules Verne, 2006), pp. 150-161. ––––––––, ‘Étude pragmatique des relations langagières entre les chevaliers des lignages du roi Lot et du roi Ban : évolution entre la Mort le roi Artu et le Tristan en prose’, Lignes et lignages dans la littérature arthurienne, actes du 3e colloque arthurien de Rennes, ed. by C. Ferlampin-Acher et D. Hüe (Rennes: Presses Universitaires, 2007), pp. 101-114. ––––––––, ‘Le Discours de la ruse dans les fabliaux’, Poétique, 115 (1998), 328-350. ––––––––, ‘L’emploi des particules adverbiales oui et non dans quelques textes littéraires médiévaux’, L’Information Grammaticale, 112 (January, 2007), 3-8. ––––––––, ‘L’entrelacement des voix : les polylogues dans les romans en prose’, La voix dans l’écrit, PRIS-MA, Recherches sur la littérature d’imagination au Moyen Âge, vol. XXII: 1 et 2, 43-44 (January-December, 2006), p. 51-65. ––––––––, ‘Les Bergers : des ermites carnavalesques. Étude pragmatique du discours des bergers dans quelques textes narratifs courtois des XIIe et XIIIe siècles’, Cahiers de recherches médiévales, 10 (2003), 143-154. ––––––––, ‘Les jeux de casuistique amoureuse dans quelques dialogues du Lancelot et du Tristan en prose’ Le Moyen Âge, 105 (February, 2009), 277-289. Derrida, J., De la Grammatologie (Paris, 1967). Doane, A.N., and Carol Braun Pasternack, eds., Vox Intexta: Orality and Literacy in the Middle Ages (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991). Dolar, Mladen, A Voice and Nothing More (Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 2006). Ducrot, Oswald, Dire et ne pas dire (Paris: Hermann 1972). ––––––––, Le dire et le dit (Paris: Minuit, 1984). ––––––––, Logique. structure et énonciation (Paris: Minuit, 1989). Duggan, ‘La théorie de la composition orale des chansons de geste: Les faits et les interprétations,’ Oliphant, 8 (1980), 238-55. Duggan, Joseph J., ‘Le mode de composition des chansons de geste: Analyse statistique, jugement esthétique, modèles de transmission,’ Oliphant, 8 (1980), 286-316. ––––––––, ‘Oral Performance of Romance in Medieval France’, in Continuations : Essays on Medieval French Literature and Language in Honor of John Lambert Grigsby, ed. by Norris J. 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L Austin, or Seduction in Two Languages, trans. by Catherine Porter (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002). [Le Scandale du corps parlant: Don Juan avec Austin ou la seduction en deux langues (Paris: Seuil, 1980).] Ferrante, Joan, To the Glory of Her Sex: Women’s Roles in the Composition of Medieval Texts (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997). Fine, Elizabeth C., The Folklore Text: From Performance to Print (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984). Finnegan, Ruth, Literacy and Orality: Studies in the Technology of Communication (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988). ––––––––, ‘Literacy versus Non-literacy: The Great Divide? 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Fleischman, Suzanne, ‘A Linguistic Perspective on the laisses similaires: Orality and the Pragmatics of Narrative Discourse’, Romance Philology, 43:1 (1989), 70-89. ––––––––, ‘Discourse as Space/Discourse as Time: Reflections on the Metalanguage of Spoken and Written Discourse’, Journal of Pragmatics, 16 (1991), 291-306. ––––––––, “Evaluation in Narrative: The Present Tense in Medieval “Performed Stories””. Yale French Studies. 70 (1986), 199-251. ––––––––, ‘Philology, Linguistics and the Discourse of the Medieval Text’, Speculum, 65:1 (1990), 19-37. ––––––––, Tense and Narrativity : From Medieval Performance to Modern Fiction (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990). Fludernik, Monika, ‘New Wine in Old Bottles? 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Huot, Sylvia, ‘“Ci parle l’auteur: The Rubrication of Voice and Authorship in “Roman de la Rose” Manuscripts’, SubStance, 17.2 (1988), 42-48. ––––––––, From Song to Book: The Poetics of Writing in Old French Lyric and Narrative Poetry (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987). ––––––––, ‘Voices and Instruments in Medieval French Secular Music: On the Use of Literary Texts as Evidence for Performance Practice,’ Musica Disciplina 43 (1989), 63-113. Hymes, Dell, Ethnography, Linguistics and Narrative Inequality: Toward An Understanding of Voice (London: Taylor and Francis, 1996). Illich, Ivan, ‘A Plea for Research on lay Literacy’, in Literacy and Orality, ed. by David R. Olson and Nancy Torrance (Cambrridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1981), pp. 28-46. Jacquin, Gérard, ‘Robert de Clari, témoin et conteur’, in Et c’est la fin pour quoy nous sommes ensemble. Hommage à Jean Dufournet: Littérature, Histoire et Langue du Moyen Age, 3 vols. (Paris: Champion. 1993), II, pp. 747-757. Jakobson, Roman, Language in Literature, ed. by Krystyna Pomorska & Stephen Rudy. (Cambridge, MA/London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987). Jauss, Hans-Robert, Aesthetic Experience and Literary Hermeneutics, trans. by Michael Shaw, Theory and History of Literature, 3 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982). ––––––––, ‘Littérature médiévale et théorie des genres’, Poétique, 1:1 (1970), 79-101. ––––––––, Pour une esthétique de la réception (Paris: Gallimard, 1978). ––––––––, Toward an Aesthetic of Reception, trans. by Timothy Bahti, Theory and History of Literature, 2 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press: 1982). Johnson, Barbara, ‘Apostrophe, Animation, and Abortion’, Diacritics, 16.1 (1986), 28-47. Jonin, Pierre, ‘Le je de Marie de France dans les Lais’, Romania, 103 (1982), 170- 176. 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Kittay, Jeffrey, ‘On Octo (Response to “Rethinking Old French Literature: The Orality of the Octosyllabic Couplet,” Evelyn Birge Vitz),’ Romanic Review, 77:3 (1987), 291-98. Knapp, Peggy Ann, ed., Assays, Critical Approaches to Medieval and Renaissance Texts (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985). Krueger, Roberta L., ‘Textuality and Performance in Partonopeu De Blois’ in Assays, Critical Approaches to Medieval an Renaissance Texts, ed. by Peggy Ann Knapp (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985), pp. 57-72. ––––––––, ‘The Author’s Voice: Narrators. Audience and the Problem of Interpretation’, in The Legacy of Chrétien de Troyes, 2 vols., ed. by Norris J. Lacy, Douglas Kelly & Keith Busby (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1987), I, pp. 115-140. Krueger, Roberta, Women Readers and the Ideology of Gender in Old French Verse Romance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).