THE PEOPLE'S BIBLE HISTORY PREPARED IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT INVESTIGATIONS BY SOME OF THE FOREMOST THINKERS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED. EDITED BY REV. GEO. C. LORIMER, LL.D. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY RIGHT HON. WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE, M.P. PUBLISHED BY THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY, CHICAGO. 1896. f PRINTED AND COPYRIGHTED BY THE HENRY 0. SHEPARD COMPANY <:HICAGO, U. S. A., 1896. , i THE AUTHORS - THEIR POSITIONS, DENOMINATIONS, AND THEMES. PAGES RIGHT HON. WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE, Episcopalian, Ex-Premier of England, Hawarden Castle, Chester, England. GENERAL INTRODUCTION, Setting Forth the Value of Scriptural Studies to the Lility ..... " .............................................. " . . . . . . 1-18 REV. A. H. SAYCE, Episcopalian, Professor of Assyriology, Queen's College, Oxford, England. BOOK 1.-LITERATURE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT ....•.•...................... REV. SAMUEL IVES CURTISS, D.D., Congregationalist, Professor, Chicago Theological Seminary, Chicago, Illinois. BOOK 1.-MANUSCRIPTS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT .........••.•.•........•.... REV. FREDERIC W. FARRAR, D.D., F.R.S .• Episcopalian, Dean of Canterbury, Canter bury, England. BOOK II.-FROM THE CREATION TO THE DAWN OF HUMAN HISTORy ....... . 65-120 REV. ELMER H. CAPEN, D.D., Universalist, President of Tufts College, Somerville, Massachusetts. BOOK IlL-FROM THE CALL OF ABRAHAM TO THE BONDAGE OF ISRAEL ..... 121-160 REV. FRANK W. GUNSAULUS, D.D., Congregationalist. President Armour Institute, Chicago, Illinois. BOOK IV.-FROM THE BIRTH OF MOSES TO THE BEGINNINGS OF FREEDOM .. 161-204 REV. GEORGE F. PENTECOST, D.D., Presbyterian, Pastor Marylebone Presbyterian Church, London, England. BOOK V.-FROM THE PATRIARCHAL TENT TO THE PRIESTLY TABERNACLE •.. 205-266 REV. R. S. MACARTHUR, D.D., Baptist, Pastor Calvary Baptist Church, New York City, New York. BOOK V1.-FROM THE INVASION OF CANAAN TO THE LAST OF THE JUDGES .. REV. MARTYN SUMMERBELL, D.D., Free Baptist, Pastor Main Street Free Baptist Church, Lewiston, Maine. BOOK VI1.-FR.OM THE RISE OF THE MONARCHY TO ITS DECLINE........... 339-380 REV. FRANK M. BRISTOL, D.D., Methodist Episcopal. Pastor First Methodist Episcopal Church, Evanston, Illinois. BOOK VIIL-FROM THE DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE TO THE LAST OF THE KINGS. 381-434 THE AUTHORS-THEIR POSITIONS, DENOMINATIONS, AND THEMES. REV. W. T. MOORE, LL.D., Christian, Editor of "The Christian Commonwealth," London, England. BOOK IX.-FROM THE CAPTIVITY IN BABYLON TO THE RETURN OF THE EXILES. 435-500 REV. EDWARD EVERETT HALE, D.O., Unitarian, Pastor South Congregational Church, Boston, Massachusetts. BOOK X.-FROM THE CLOSE OF THE OLD ERA TO THE BEGINNING OF THE NEW. REV. JOSEPH AGAR BEET, D.D.,/Wesleyan, Professor, Wesleyan College, Richmond, England. BOOK XI.-LITERATURE OF THE NEW TES~AMENT ..................... , ... . 541-574 REV. CASPAR RENE GREGORY, PH.D., D.TH., LL.D., Evangelical Lutheran, Professor Ordinarius Honorarius of Theology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Ger many. BOOK XI.-MANUSCRIPTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT ....... " ..•............. 575-590 REV. WILLIAM CLEAVER WILKINSON, D.O., Baptist, Professor, University of Chicago, Chicago', Illinois. BOOK XII.-FROM THE BIRTH IN BETHLEHEM TO THE CRUCIFIXION ON CALVARy ......................... '" ................................ . 591-680 REV. SAMUEL HART, D.O., Episcopalian, Professor, Trinity College, Hartford, Con j- necticut. BOOK XIII.-FROM THE DESCENT FROM THE CROSS TO THE ASCENT TO THE THRONE .......................•...................................... REV. J. MONRO GIBSON, D.D., Presbyterian, Pastor St. John's Wood Presbyterian Church, London, England. BOOK XIV.-FROM THE OUTPOURING OF THE SPIRIT TO THE DEATH OF SAINT PAUL.......................................................... 707-766 REV. GEORGE C. LORIMER, LL.D., Baptist, Pastor of Tremont Temple, Boston, Massachusetts. BOOK XV.-FRO;;! THE FALL OF JERUSALEM TO THE TRIUMPH OF CHRIS- TIANITY ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............... 767-854 :i I , , PREFACE. T HE PEOPLE'S BIBLE HISTORY, while planned by the editor in the interest of evangelical religion, was not designed to be either narrow or repressive. Truth is never advantaged by seeming dread of thorough investigation and reasonable freedom of expression. The intelligent public has a right to know what eminent scholars think on sub jects closely interwoven with man's spiritual welfare, and to judge for itself how far recent researches mayor may not invalidate cherished faiths. It has not, therefore, been considered necessary or desirable by the editor that every representation relative to the human element in the sacred writings which does not command his own approval should be excluded. Cer tain extreme statements of a purely conjectural and speculative character he has prevailed on their authors to modify or eliminate; and an occasional, and as he trusts, involuntary, display of denominational bias he has ventured to suppress. As the prime purpose of this volume is to unfold the history recorded in the Bible, and not to discuss theories of inspira tion or defend a system of theology, a wider range of opinion has been allowed than would have been admissible in oth~r circumstances. But at the same time this generous latitude has made it apparent that there is a distinctively evangelical school of higher criticism - a school loyal to the cardinal doctrines of Christianity, though diverging somewhat from tra ditional estimates of their documentary sources. While the editor dissents from several of the positions assumed by some of his learned coadjutors, as being inconsistent and untenable, he is more than gratified to acknowledge, their manifest loyalty to the Headship of Christ. Assuredly it is a great gain to the Christian world to see for itself that the old faith has nothing to fear from the freest thought and the most brilliant scholarship. The reader of these pages should realize that the novel views set forth by various erudge teachers concerning the dates and composition of the sacred books, especially of the Hexa teuch, are not as yet finally accepted, though, of course, their advocates regard them as irrefutable. But these enthusiasts overlook the fact that while such critics as Dillma:nn and Delitzsch, on the one side, and Graf and Wellhausen, on the other, coincide in the opinion that the Hexateuch has been compiled out of documents far older than itself, they are not altogether agreed as to the true analysis of its component parts. The differences may be slight, but they are real. Dillmann's A. is 'i\Tellhausen's P. C.; while his B. and C. stand for what is usually represented by E (Elohist) and J (Jahvist). Wellhausen considers one _ part of the composition, that marked J, as older than Dillmann does. The latter, likewise, concurs in the general truthfulness of the p;:ttriarchal histories as recorded in Genesis, and has no sympathy with Stade who regards their heroes as primitive deities, nor with the former in beginning his "History of Israel" at the birth of Moses. Dillmann is also impatient with some recent Assyriologists who insist on tracing the Biblical accounts of Creation and the Flood to Babylonian sources, rendered accessible by the Captivity. These variations are instructive and indicate that the end is not yet. There is :rio doubt that the Hexateuch reveals distinctions in vocabulary, style, and construction, and that narratives apparently are duplicated and enactments repeated on its pages, some accounts being Jehovistic and others Elohistic. But then we have psalms thus differentiated by the Divine Name, and yet no hard, unyielding theory of their origin and age has been elaborated from such slim materials. We may, therefore, well pause before committing ourselves irrevocably to all of the confidept assertions of modern critics. As dealing with the human side of the vii viii EDITORIAL PREFACE. Scriptures, with which this history has especially and almost exclusively to do, .their sugges tions and representations are not out of place, and add immeasurably to the interest and value of this volume; but at the same time they ought to be taken with caution and reserve. Even as these words are being penned, and while the brilliant assaults of George Adam Smith, Cheyne, and Driver, on the unity of "Isaiah," are still fresh in the public mind, Principal Douglas, their peer in learning and ability, is challenging their conclusions in a masterful treatise, entitled" Isaiah One and His Book One." It is consequently impos sible at this date to anticipate the final findings of genuine and well-balanced criticism. i [I That must be left to the future. Each author connected with this Bible History is alone responsible for the views he advocates; but whatever these personal teachings may be, every candid student WIll admit that they have not obscured the sublime truths, which the move ments of the mighty past disclose, that God is in all history, and that all the ages have providentially been made tributary to his unique manifestation in the Divine Christ. From the slow development of religion, which is perhaps the most notable feature of the inspired chronicle, it is evident that we cannot hope to comprehend its meaning 111 a moment or without patient application. God does not hasten: we cannot. It is also observable, that not only has religion been of tardy growth; it has been the product of various and oftentimes of indirect agencies. At the beginning God did not put coal in the mine, neither did he plant the full-grown tree, but scattered living germs on the earth, which afterward became forests. These forests drank in the sun until they were soaked with flame; then they sank into the darkness to be transmuted in the laboratory of nature into substance for heat and light. Thus the final religion had to pass through successive stages. At first it was but a seed; then it took shape in antediluvian, postdiluvian, patriarchal, theocratical, ceremonial, and prophetical eras - more than once being submerged in the night of exile, oppression, and apostasy-at last to blaze forth in all the splendors of the Christian dispensation. No wonder, then, if the history of this sublime progress should reveal the touch of many hands, and the interblending of diverse materials. It may be compared to a mosaic in which piece to piece has been joined that a glorious picture of heavenly things might be produced. Though the seams and divisions of this picture may not be apparent to all-for the Bible is not fashioned like the Byzantine mosaics, where all the articulations are palpable and rough, but like those of Rome where all the lines are ground down until they are nearly invisible-they still exist; and when some master-work man shows them to us and makes clear the various fragments that enter into the composi tion of the whole, let it not be doubted that even this may be true, and the divine origin of the grand old book remain uninvalidated. For one controlling, guiding, unifying mind must have been operative through all the weary ages to produce out of such composite elements a result so wonderfully unique, upliftjng, and unfathomable as the Bible: and that mind in the nature of things could not have been human. It has been customary in volumes of this character to give an account of the four , , centuries between the last of the Hebrew prophets and the first of the Roman emperors, " and to embrace in the narrative a description of the overthrow of Jerusalem. This introduc tion of material not contained in the Scriptures is justified as necessary to an understanding of the relation existing between the old economy and the new, and to the coherent unfolding of the divine purpose in the calling of the Gentiles. But it has always seemed to the editor that the reason, good and sufficient as it is, for this method, ought to lead the historian yet farther. Instead of arresting his work at the point of catastrophe, he ought to carry it onward to the period of victory. That the student may perceive how Christianity emerged from obscurity to the preeminence it attained under the Cresars; that he may see how it r 1 EDITORIAL PREFACE. lX began to fulfill what was foretold of its career, and observe the manner of its emancipation from the influence of Judaism and from reliance on miracles: in a word, that he may be able to form some idea of its transition by which, though never of the earth, it came to be in many respects like the kingdoms of earth, under the dominion of natural law, there should be furnished, at least in outline, an account of the events which make the two hundred years subsequent to the Apostolic era singularly significant in the spiritual annals of man kind. This will explain the unusual extension of the present treatise beyond the ordinary limits conventionally set to Bible history. It is only right that the editor should refer in befitting terms to the publishers, and to others who have had much to do in preparing this volume for the press. All that money could do has cheerfully been .done by Henry O. Shepard and his partners to render this contribution to religious literature scholarly in treatment and artistic in execution. The paper, letterpress, pictures, and binding speak for themselves, and the names of Gladstone and Farrar, to say nothing of the others, are evidence that the text is not unworthy its beautiful accessories. But if the company has been generous in its use of money, the business manager of the book, Mr. G. L. Howe, has been equally lavish in the thought and labor he has spent on its production. Though the editor is the architect, in a very real s~nse the book must be regarded as Mr. Howe's monument. He it was who invited the editor to elaborate the plan of the work and choose colaborers to aid in the execution. \ To him alone is due the merit of enlisting the pen of the Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone in I the enterprise; and from first to last he has exercised an unsleeping oversight of its progress toward completion. And now that he assumes control of all agencies employed in its circulation, the public may receive him in confidence as a gentleman entitled to the highest } consideration. No pains have been spared to render the text as accurate as possible. This has not been an easy task, the editor and his literary associates living remote from one another, some of them being beyond the sea. The greatest care has been taken to guard against mistakes; and if the result is in any commensurate degree satisfactory, credit is largely due to the very thorough proofreading done in Chicago, especially by Mr. Robert D. Watts, and to the final supervision of the page proofs in Boston by the Rev. Charles Follen Lee, A.M., to whose scholarly attainments and critical taste testimony need hardly be borne. And now that this History passes from the workshop of the editor t@ the great world outsine, he trusts that it may find its way into multitudes of homes, and prove a fresh incentive to the stuny of that mysterious BOOK, wherein the highest genius of man appears enkindled and inspired by the Spirit of God. GEORGE C. LORIMER, TREMONT TEMPLE, BOSTON, U. S. A. JUNE 4, 1895. BOOK IV. FROM THE BIRTH OF MOSES TO THE BEGINNINGS OF FREEDOM. BY REV. FRANK W. GUNSAULUS, D.D. CHAPTER 1. "THE CRADLE OF THE HEBREW NATIO~." T HERE are two majestic silences in the educated to be led forth by such a leadership, story of the Bible. One stretches from despite what civilization had thus far achieved, that hour whose chronicle we have in the these unrelated and unimpersonal energies closing words of the Book of Genesis, to that were impotent. Egyptian life and idealism later bour, separated' from the earlier by three were able to preserve only as a memorial and a hundred and fifty years, with which the Book school for some divinely inspired people this of Exodus opens; the other, four centuries ...." ealth of the past, and this splendid present long, measures the distance hetween the utter rapidly identifying itself with the past. ance of the last prophet in the Old Testament One of the facts which were certainly invali and the outpoured melody of angels at the dating the intellectual and moral power of the birth of Jesus in the New. In the lights and throne of the Pharaohs to deal hopefully and shadows of this first silence, we heholcl dimly in statesmanlike way with the possibilities of outlined by the side of the dreamy Nile and land and population was this enslaved mass of the solemn pyramid, revealed only by the flash Jews. No other race could have contributed a lights of a few short sentences written in a multitude of bondmen so likely, even in the later period, the almost formiess Israelitish opinion of the Egyptian, to rebel, to incite host, around them that strange air invested trouble, and even to bring about revolution. with the purposes of Almighty God, and over For ages, Egypt and Israel had been hostile on them his distinct word of promise: "Fear not every field. For centuries of Israej's sojourn, to go down into Egypt; for I will there make Egypt had beheld the people grow, develop a of thee a great nation." I Recent readings of fierce independence in numerous predatory ex ancient monuments, the deciphering of molder cursions into Canaan, and exhibit a far-sighted ing papyri, the pages of the Greek historians mastery of radical ideas. Taxes and burdens or Egyptian priests, vie with that magnificence of incredible "'eight, seizures of ancient rights of nature aDd of art which salutes the modern guaranteed by Joseph, and offenses against their traveler, and that indubitahle record made in old dream of freedom lInder God, only served the life and character of Israel, to show how to intensify a proud spirit of revolt. The op admirably Egypt at that hour ,,·as fitted to be pressors feared the oppressed, as they ,,,ere seen "the cradle of the Hel)rew nation." The gift to assume new dignity with each ne,,, outrage 'which, Herodotus says, was made to humanity visiterl upon them. The system of slavery was by the Nile, was a seed hag containing the working its O\vn destruction, largely by enslav world's former han·estings. ing the throne with a wholesome dread of the The signific:mce of all nature blooms into its enslaved. Conservatism, such as held visible fullness in the life and destiny of man. The empire but failed of real supremacy, then an(1 equatorial rains creating the sluice-way for there did, and always, iu(lee(l, does count up its their outflow to the Mcd~ranean were minis· tra(1itions and wealth, its franchises and institu ters of him ,,·ho sees the end from the begin tions, ,,,ith such self-bewilderment that all ning, and the delta thus created, as the tor young and righteous opposition, especially if it rents faded with the recession of the Nile, pro he in chains, appears as did the agitation of the ·duced a ch·ilization as opulent and various in American slave question in 1850 even to Daniel its forces as were those material deposits on \Vehster, who called it a "rub-a-<1uh" agita whose fertile surface it grew and flourished. tion. Ancient prh·ilege and crowned wrong But without a soul like Moses, and a people are always heing asked by the progressive and ra(lical Christ of history to behold its institu 1 Genesis xlvi, 3. tions, while he says: "See ye not all these 13 161 162 EGYPTIAN COJIjJfERCE, JlIAGNIFICENCE, AND CULTURE. things? " and, because they are things and man greatest of all the gifts for the future of hu is a soul, the Christ of history adds somewhere manity, the commercial spirit at its basest and sometime: "There shall not be left here moment had given to this land, Joseph to he one stone upon another, that shall not be Grand Vizier; and now in his bones was thrown down."l Israel's imperishable hope. Egypt was rich in "things." She had wealth To her own thought, Egypt had a finer of soil and unbounded capacity of production. wealth than all this. This very district is its If ever slave labor may be called cheap - a fragmentary memorial. Ghostlike and sub proposition which the history of every slave lime, the gigantic 'wreck of a great artistic life holding dynasty refutes - then did Egypt have is beheld in -t1le multitude of sphinxes and col cheap labor, which, with abundant food easily umns which dot the weary monotony of sand. obtained from the luxuriant breast of natnre, The ancient canal is dry, but the granite fea helped to make her a dowered queen in the tures of the king still command from the com company of half-fed oriental peoples. As day pany of the gods. While the wealth of tur by day the spirit of freedom, grown up out of quoise from the mines of Sinai, or gold ore from a sense of God's purpose, brought them nearer the desert of Nubia, was borne slowly upon the to the hour when the pilgrim children of Israel Nile, and large dykes guarded the arable land, should look back upon all the past, there was architecture had already employed millions of deepening a richer material background, not the human beings, in the quarries, at the cataracts, least impressive of whose elements was the Nile, with huge instruments of engineering, with teeming with fish, lakes brilliant with the fine tools for cutting and polishing, to complete plumage of birds, great stretches of garden the most astonishing results that now challenge land furnishing" the cucumbers and the melons the \vonder of our race. Abraham had prob and the leeks and the onions and the garlic"; ably mused and pondered there of the strength roadways trodden by caravans of laden camels of man, as sixty pyramids rose up to assure moving between fertile and succulent pastures, him that certainly the princes of Pharaoh were and the yellow wheatfields in which the shep descendants of men of pow-eLI Joseph had be herds of Israel had become agriculturists; wide held a whole realm of art in the multitude of channels for irrigation, near whose banks flour sepulchers and huge relics - the burial place of' ished the fig and date trees, and over whose en kings and cities. Sanctuaries were there whose riching currents bended the sycamore and the wilderness of columns and overwritten walls palm. That portion of Egypt in which Israel were only surpassed in splendor by their vast was cradled and trained might well be worthy and gorgeous approaches. For ten centuries. of the praise which the reigning Pharaoh be the pyramid of Cheops had given promise that, stowed upon it, when he addressed Joseph, twenty centuries later, western culture might calling it "the best land." look upon it with increased surprise. The one In peace and war, commerce had added large city, Memphis, the capital, was so magnificent wealth, material and mental, to Egypt. In the as to continue its fascination for a millennium fourteen dynasties which had lived and perished and a half, until the Father of History might before Joseph's day, ships had entered the har be taught within her walls. Obelisks and pil bors from every land; the beer of Galilee came lars, giant statues and wonderful carvings com-· in Palestinian galleys; cattle and rare woods, pel the belief that still finer and grander was furs and perfumes, negroes and precious metals, the capital of the Middle Empire, Thebes, were floated down the Nile to her cities; the while the City of the Sun remained at once products of Libya burdened the dusty caravans. the religious and educational metropolis, a The Nile valley had always been attractive to veritable Vatican of priests and an Oxford of the shepherd tribes. Cushites and the nomadic scholars, the memorial of Joseph's love for the races joined with Phcenicians, and probably Egyptian maiden and the spot where the He Syrians, to open this opportunity to enterpris brew student was to become" learned in all the ing power. The conquered Hittites contributed wisdom of the Egyptians." 2 Like the sphin.lC vases of gold, artistic material and products for itself, cut from a single enormous rock, stands· temple and residence, war chariots and woven out for the amazement of to-day the unique silks. Egyptian greed never forgot the hour, art-movement of this people. when, under the powerful Thothmes, she im Egypt was the college of the nations. Here posed tribute, like some earlier Rome, upon was the academy in which the Platos and Ba-· the whole world. Fourteen campaigns against cons of the period held high converse-the Western Asia have left a record of their booty birthplace of what is most attractive to the in-· on the walls of the temple at Karnak. Even tellect in all human culture. This very fact Ethiopia was despoiled of treasure. But, was wealth. Egypt had the haughty self-con-· I Matthew xxiv, 2. 1 Genesis xii, IS. 2 Acts vii, 22. STATECRAFT AND RELIGION. 163 fidence which sprang from the fact that her which wrought out of dissimilar popUlations people were the most refined and cultured, if, such results as were achieved for government indeed, they were not the only educated peo when Egyptian scribes, by a dominance of ple in the known ",·orld. Greater than the ideas, reconquered the rude shepherd kings. builders of the capacious granaries and oil cel Such a warrior as Amcnemhat I. enabled his lars, more deft anel subtle than the artists of successor to found such a city as Heliopolis. the wardrobes of all her thousand dignitaries Her kings builc1ecl fortresses at the south and in religion and government, partially account reservoirs for the Nile, while her priests ing for her unmatched engineers, astronomers, crowcled the cloisters with students. Her mul chemists, architects, physicians, and philoso titude of officials and her elaborate court cere phers, were Egypt's common-school teachers, monial are to be considt·recl along with a devel I a republic of primary pedagogues, which made oping literature, a prophetic art-movement, ,I her able to give to the first-grade boy in our and the career of a Thothmes ",flO made Egypt schools his arithmetic as easily as she gave the center of the world. Yet it was a states back to Greece her Pythagoras, but not until manship which dealt less earnestly with man he was able to send a Plato to the City of On. than with" things." A lettered class was formed of the scribes. As much may be said of her religion. Rich The priest was the instructor. From the enough to contribute to Israel, it was, like her knowledge of the scales of notation, the stu statesmanship, to afford by contrast a startling dent advanced to geometry and trigonometry. picture of the inherent supremacy of even an Civil engineering and mechanical engineering enslaved truth. If it had granted 'woman a point to the aqueducts, and the huge stones high place, it had preached pious exercises of lifted to their places in pyramids six hundred almost shameless beastliness. If it enthroned feet high, as proofs that the Egyptians under the Invisihle anel fostered some lofty ideas of stood not a little of their secrets. It is con Goel, it could deify cats and crocodiles, and tended that their astronomy has left its melllO prostrate itself before a golden hull or a chat rial in the great pyramids; and it is certain tering ape. Osiris might sit in the Judgment that the year of three hundred and sixty-five Hall of the two truths, himself a picture of days and a quarter was measured "'ith a schol justice; hut vice was rampant under the bless arship equal to our own. Our metallurgists ings of the priesthood, and in the use of the I have not scorned the blo'wpi pe and hello\\"s used Ritual for the Dead, while confession was made at Thebes. The hydraulic engineer does not of the truths of divine self-existence and the disdain the pwctical Egyptian's siphon; and soul's immortality, the pilgrim soul, on escap r' the Israelites themselves hecame witnesses of ing a debased body, protested its virtue and I what Egypt could give to slaves, in quite an righteousness. All this huge anomaly was I other direction of applied science and art, as made gorgeous in magnificent temples, musical they afterward manufactured beautiful ,yorks or eloquent in a rich sen'ice, vital in the eager I in gold and sil...-er, embroidery and the setting orthodoxy of countle~s priests, inclusive of of gems. astonishing achievements of fcience, and iden I' Egypt had government and religion. A long tical in metho~s and hope with a powerful line of able rulers, a most brilliant career as a government. II, progressive people and the instinct for organi Against all these, 'wrapped up in the form of zation had furnished her with political tracli a helpless baby, lying ill tears amidst the tall I tions and revered methocls of procedure. Her flags an(llotus blossoms of the Nile, were the der insists that her pyramids and sepulchers unredressed wrongs of a "'hole people, and the are to be considered proof that her people had purposes of the un forgetting God. As a man reached a misery and degradation incredible to child of manacled Hebrewdom, he encoun us. Certainly, hO"'ever, at an earlier time, tered the command of Pharaoh in the first very vital and energetic must have been the breath he drew: "E'Z/ery son tlzat is born ye autonomy an(l self-dependence of the popula shall cast into the riz'er. "I Doubtless many sons tion to have produced such a specimen of what had perished, as mother after mother sighed is called" a strong government." near the bank of that river where a large por Ancient paintings and sculptnres reveal a tion of Israel had its dwelling; but the cause high ancl firm civilization, as perhaps the of the oppressed had not been drowned, and earliest. At the time with 'which we are most here, at this lllOment, that cause was identical concerned, Egyptian statecraft and politics with divine pro\'idence and human pity in sav added much to the richness of that background ing for the lea<lership of the hondmen, Moses, against which we may 1JellOld the portrait of the Captain, the LawgiYer, the Prophet, and Israel. The power to enslan~ foreign peoples the Emancipator of his people. was almost equalled by the finer strength 1 Exodus i, 22. I