Beyond Inclusion This page intentionally left blank Beyond Inclusion The Practice of Equal Access in Indian Higher Education Editors Satish Deshpande Usha Zacharias LONDON NEW YORK NEW DELHI First published 2013 in India by Routledge 912 Tolstoy House, 15–17 Tolstoy Marg, Connaught Place, New Delhi 110 001 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2013 Satish Deshpande and Usha Zacharias Typeset by Solution Graphics A-14, Indira Puri, Loni Road, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 102 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-415-83207-6 Contents List of Tables and Figures vii Preface xi Introduction: Beyond Inclusion 1 Satish Deshpande 1. Caste Quotas and Formal Inclusion in Indian Higher Education 13 Satish Deshpande 2. The Polarity between the ‘Few and the Many’ in Indian Higher Education 48 Mrinalini Sebastian 3. Affirmative Action in Three Dream Institutions 72 G. N. Devy 4. Reservations in Medical Education in Maharashtra: An Empirical Study 95 Vandana Dandekar 5. Bridging the Rural–Urban Gap: Experiments in Engineering Education in Punjab 145 Ranjit Singh Ghuman and Davinder Kumar Madaan 6. Defying the Odds: The Triumphs and Tragedies of Dalit and Adivasi Students in Higher Education 174 Anoop Kumar Singh 7. Quota’s Children: The Perils of Getting Educated 205 N. Sukumar vi  Contents 8. Beyond Contested Categories: An Experiment of the Ford Foundation International Fellowships Programme 222 Sony Pellissery, Vivek Mansukhani and Neera Handa 9. Confronting Social Exclusion: A Critical Review of the CREST Experience 252 D. D. Nampoothiri 10. To Race with the Able? Soft Skills and the Psychologisation of Marginality 289 Usha Zacharias About the Editors 328 Notes on Contributors 329 Index 332 List of Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 Dropout Rates and Pass Percentages in School, 2005–6 17 1.2 Graduate Degree-Holders, by Caste and Community, Urban India, 2004–5 19 1.3 Group Shares of School Graduates and those Currently Enrolled in Higher Education, Age Group 17–25, Urban India, 1999–2000 20 4.1 Distribution of Enrolled Students, by Reservation Category 97 4.2 Female Enrolment, by Category and Period 99 4.3 Scores of Admitted Candidates in Class XII Examination, 1979–98 103 4.4 Scores of Admitted Candidates in Common Entrance Test, 1999–2003 104 4.5 Correlations Between Scores of CET and Class XII Examination 106 4.6 1979–83 108 4.7 1984–88 108 4.8 1989–93 109 4.9 1994–98 109 4.10 Number of Students in the Prestige Score Group 111 4.11 Parental Occupations, 1979–88 112 4.12 Parental Occupations, 1989–2003 113 4.13 Percentage Distribution of Wage-Earning Parents of Respondents 114 4.14 Distribution of Respondents 115 4.15 Educational Profile of Parents of Respondents 116 4.16 Occupational Profile of Parents of Respondents 117 4.17 Ranking of Influencing Factors 120 4.18 Difficulties in the Course 122 4.19 Caste-Specific Distribution of Friends in College 124 4.20 Career Paths 128 viii  Beyond Inclusion 5.1 Number and Proportion of Rural and Urban Students in Liberal Education in Universities of Punjab, 2005–6 148 5.2 Percentage Share of Rural and Urban Students in Universities of Punjab, 2005–6 149 5.3 Number and Proportion of Rural and Urban Students in Professional/Technical Education in Punjab, 2007–8 150 5.4 Percentage Share of Rural and Urban Students in Professional/Technical Education in Punjab, 2007–8 151 5.5 Classification of Rural Students in Professional/ Technical Education in Punjab, by Native State, 2007–8 152 5.6 Percentage Share of Caste-Wise Composition of Rural Students in Liberal and Professional/Technical Education in Punjab 152 5.7 Percentage Share of Occupation of Parents and Grandparents of Rural Students in Liberal and Professional/Technical Education in Punjab 154 5.8 Income of Parents of Rural Students in Liberal and Professional/Technical Education in Punjab 155 5.9 Percentage Share of Classification of Rural Students in Liberal and Professional/Technical Education on the Basis of Schooling in Punjab 156 5.10 Percentage Share of Education Level of Parents and Grandparents of Rural Students in Liberal and Professional/Technical Education in Punjab 157 5.11 Gender Composition of Students in YCoE Under Golden Heart Scholarship Scheme Since its Establishment (in 10+1 and 10+2) 160 5.12 Gender Composition of Students in BTech Course in YCoE Under Golden Heart Scheme, 2006–10 161 5.13 Number and Proportion of Scheduled Caste Students at YCoE in Classes 10+1 and 10+2, 2004–10 163 5.14 Percentage Share of Scheduled Caste Students in BTech Classes at YCoE, 2006–10 164 5.15 Gender Composition of Scheduled Caste Students in BTech Classes at YCoE, 2006–10 165 List of Tables and Figures  ix 6.1 Summary of Family Background, Educational Qualifications and Current Occupation of Dalit–Adivasi Alumni 177 6.2 List of Suicides Among Dalit or Adivasi Students in Higher Education in Recent Years 199 8.1 Region-Wise Selected Fellows, 2001–10 229 8.2 Profile of Selected Fellows, India, 2001–10 233 9.1 Selected Statements and Responses by Peasants and Agricultural Workers of Kerala and Karnataka 256 9.2 BTech Entrance Ranks and Male/Female Percentage of SC/ST Candidates in Kerala, 2009–10 273 9.3 Performance of SC/ST Students Enrolled for BTech Degree Courses 275 9.4 Factors Causing Entry Barriers as Identified by Parents/Students 277 10.1 Sample Workshops Conducted in Five Colleges 310 Figures 4.1 Distribution of Students, 1979–88 97 4.2 Distribution of Students, 1989–2003 98