Beyond Hegel and Nietzsche Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought (a partial listing) Thomas McCarthy, general editor James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy James Bohman and Matthias Lutz-Bachmann, editors, Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant’s Cosmopolitan Ideal Susan Buck-Morss, The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and theArcades Project Craig Calhoun, editor, Habermas and the Public Sphere Jean Cohen and Andrew Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory John Forester, editor, Critical Theory and Public Life Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy Jürgen Habermas, The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory Jürgen Habermas, On the Pragmatics of Communication Jürgen Habermas, On the Pragmatics of Social Interaction: Preliminary Studies in the Theory of Communicative Action Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society Axel Honneth, The Critique of Power: Reflective Stages in a Critical Social Theory Axel Honneth, The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts Elliot L. Jurist, Beyond Hegel and Nietzsche: Philosophy, Culture, and Agency Cristina Lafont, The Linguistic Turn in Hermenutic Philosophy Christoph Menke, The Sovereignty of Art: Aesthetic Negativity in Adorno and Derrida Kirk Pillow, Sublime Understanding: Aesthetic Reflection in Kant and Hegel Dennis Schmidt, The Ubiquity of the Finite: Hegel, Heidegger, and the Entitlements of Philosophy Ernst Tugendhat, Self-Consciousness and Self-Determination Albrecht Wellmer, Endgames: Essays and Lectures on the Irreconcilable Nature of Modernity Albrecht Wellmer, The Persistence of Modernity: Essays on Aesthetics, Ethics and Postmodernism Joel Whitebook, Perversion and Utopia: A Study in Psychoanalysis and Critical Theory Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance Beyond Hegel and Nietzsche Philosophy, Culture, and Agency Elliot L. Jurist The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2000 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any elec- tronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information stor- age and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. Set in New Baskerville by The MIT Press. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jurist, Elliot L. Beyond Hegel and Nietzsche: philosophy, culture, and agency / Elliot L. Jurist. p. cm.—(Studies in contemporary German social thought) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-262-10087-8 (hc.: alk. paper) 1. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1770–1831. 2. Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 1844–1900. 3. Culture—Philosophy—History—19th century. 4. Agent—History— 19th century. I. Title. II. Series. B2948.J865 2000 193—dc21 00-038681 for my father, Sumner Jurist, and for my mother, Hilda Braurman Jurist (in memoriam) This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 I Philosophy and Culture 1 The Culture of Philosophy 17 1.1 The Cartesian Myth 18 1.2 Hegel’s Actual Knowers 20 1.3 Nietzsche’s Philosophical Physicians 26 1.4 The Psychology of Knowledge 33 2 The Philosophy of Culture 43 2.1 Customs 45 2.2 Bildung 52 2.3 Self-Fathoming 63 3 Ancient Greek Culture 69 3.1 Reconciling Hegelian Tragedy 74 3.2 Living with Nietzschean Tragedy 79 3.3 Antigone vs. Cassandra? 84 Excursus on the Phenomenology of Spirit and Tragedy 87 viii Contents 4 Modern Culture 95 4.1 Unsatisfied Yearning: Hegel, Horkheimer, Adorno, and Habermas 97 4.2 Agitatedness and the New Barbarians: Nietzsche and Heidegger 104 4.3 Alienation vs. Despair? 114 II Culture and Agency 5 On the Concept of Agency 125 5.1 Persons and Agents 126 5.2 Taylor’s Genealogy of Agency 129 5.3 Hegel and Nietzsche in Context 133 6 Recognition and Agency in Hegel 141 6.1 Socio-Political and Epistemological Functions of Recognition 141 6.2 Self-Recognition 143 6.3 Cognition, Satisfaction, and Desire 148 7 Recognition in the Phenomenology of Spirit(I) 157 7.1 True and False Recognition 158 7.2 Internal Recognition 164 7.3 Natural and Ethical Recognition 169 8 Recognition in the Phenomenology of Spirit(II) 175 8.1 Legal Recognition 176 8.2 Alienation at Home 178 8.3 Toward Mutual Recognition 181 8.4 Summarizing Recognition in the PhS 187 9 Hegelian Agency 193 9.1 A Reintroduction to the Reading of Hegel: Kojève 196 9.2 New Readings of Recognition: Honneth and Benjamin 200 9.3 Reading Hegel Psychoanalytically 206 ix Contents 10 Nietzsche’s Ambivalence toward Agency 211 10.1 Multiplicity and Agency 212 10.2 Integrated Agency 217 10.3 Four Factors of Integrated Agency 218 10.4 Anti-Agency 225 11 The Will to Power and Agency in Nietzsche 231 11.1 Will 232 11.2 Power 235 11.3 Agency Infused with Will to Power 241 12 Self and Other in Nietzsche 245 12.1 Self-Enclosed Gardens with Hospitable Gates 246 12.2 Friendship 249 12.3 Too Much Solitude? 254 13 Nietzschean Agency 261 13.1 Nietzschean Variations 262 13.2 Renewing Nietzsche: Derrida 264 13.3 Big Other: Lacan 269 13.4 Back to the Psyche: Butler 274 13.5 Nietzsche and His Discontents 279 Epilogue 283 Appendix 291 Notes 293 Bibliography 329 Index 351