Between Crown and Commerce the johns hopkins university studies in historical and po liti cal science 129th Series (2011) 1. Junko Thérèse Takeda, Between Crown and Commerce: Marseille and the Early Modern Mediterranean Between Crown and Commerce Marseille and the Early Modern Mediterranean junko thérèse takeda The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore © 2011 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2011 Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Mary land 21218- 4363 www .press .jhu .edu Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Takeda, Junko Thérèse, 1976– Between crown and commerce : Marseille and the early modern Mediterranean / Junko Thérèse Takeda. p. cm. ISBN- 13: 978- 0-8 018- 9982- 9 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN- 10: 0- 8018- 9982- 6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Marseille (France)— Commerce—History—18th century. 2. Marseille (France)—C ommerce—Mediterranean Region. 3. Mediterranean Region— Commerce—France—Marseille. 4. Merchants— France—Marseille—History—18th century. 5. Marseille (France)— Social conditions— 18th century. 6. Marseille (France)— Politics and government— 18th century. 7. Citizenship— France—Marseille—History—18th century. 8. Plague— France—Marseille—History—18th century. 9. France— History—Louis XV, 1715–1 774. I. Title. HF3560.M3T35 2011 382'.094491201822—dc22 2010026158 A cata log record for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410- 516- 6936 or [email protected]. The Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 percent post- consumer waste, whenever possible. All of our book papers are acid- free, and our jackets and covers are printed on paper with recycled content. in memoriam Kinuko Takeda Efu Takeda Iwao Takeda Edward Randall Odetta Gordon Henry Y. K. Tom This page intentionally left blank Contents Ac know ledg ments ix Introduction: Commerce, State- Building, and Republicanism in Old Regime France 1 1. Louis XIV, Marseillais Merchants, and the Problem of Discerning the Public Good 20 2. Between Republic and Monarchy: Debating Commerce and Virtue 50 3. France and the Levantine Merchant: The Challenges of an International Market 78 4. Plague, Commerce, and Centralized Disease Control in Early Modern France 106 5. Virtue Without Commerce: Civic Spirit During the Plague, 1720– 1723 131 6. Civic Religiosity and Religious Citizenship in Plague- Stricken Marseille 158 7. Postmortem: Virtue and Commerce Reconsidered 180 Notes 197 Bibliography 225 Index 249 This page intentionally left blank Ac know ledg ments I owe the completion of this book to the generous support of mentors, colleagues, family, friends and institutions. First, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my advisors and teachers in the History Department and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in the Humanities at Stanford University. The idea for a re- search project on Marseille began in conversations between me and my mentor, Keith Michael Baker. I would like to thank him for his intellectual guidance and friendship. Jessica Riskin helped shape and clarify my ideas at every stage of the project, from its inception, through its completion as a dissertation, to its trans- formation into a monograph. Paul Robinson instilled in me an appreciation for clear writing and tried to teach me perfect punctuation. Carolyn Lougee Chap- pell’s knowledge of archival work provided the basis for my own journey into the archives in France. Helen Brooks, Bob Gregg, Brad Gregory, Mary Lou Roberts, and James Sheehan expanded my understanding of early modern and modern Eu ro pe an history in profound ways. I am fortunate to have such teachers. My graduate training also benefi ted from the assistance of several colleagues and friends who provided me with advice and encouragement. I am grateful to Sebastian Barreveld, John Broich, Malgorzata Fidelis, Suzanne Mariko Miller, Yair Mintzker, Kaneez Munjee, Libby Murphy, Mary Jane Parrine, Maria Ria- sanovsky, Alvaro Santana, Cecilia Tsu, and Marie- Pierre Ulloa at Stanford Uni- versity for making life on The Farm and in the San Francisco Bay Area such a memorable experience. I thank the members of my dissertation- writing group, Alex Bay, Abosede George, Jehangir Malegam, and Erika Monahan, for their critiques and suggestions. Linda Huynh, Lynn Kaiser, Monica Moore, Debra Pounds, Margo Richardson, Monica Wheeler, and the late Gertrud Pacheco took care of all my administrative needs. The Stanford Bay Area French Culture Work- shop, the Seminar on Enlightenment and Revolution, and the Modern Eu ro pe an Seminar provided venues for an inexperienced graduate student to pre sent her ideas to the academic community.