Copyright © 2010 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC All rights reserved. Permission to copy articles for internal or personal noncommercial use is hereby granted on the condi- tion that appropriate fees are paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, U.S.A., telephone +1 978 750 8400, fax +1 978 646 8600, e-mail [email protected]. Teachers at institutions that own a print copy or license a digital edition of The Berkshire Encylopedia of World History, 2nd Edition may use at no charge up to ten copies of no more than two articles (per course or program). Digital editions Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History, 2nd Edition is available through most major e-book and database services (please check with them for pricing). For information, contact: Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 122 Castle Street Great Barrington, Massachusetts 01230 www.berkshirepublishing.com Printed in the United States of America (cid:33)(cid:76)(cid:66)(cid:65)(cid:78)(cid:89) (cid:34)(cid:79)(cid:83)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:78) (cid:39)(cid:50)(cid:37)(cid:33)(cid:52)(cid:34)(cid:33)(cid:50)(cid:50)(cid:41)(cid:46)(cid:39)(cid:52)(cid:47)(cid:46) (cid:46)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:57)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:75) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Berkshire encyclopedia of world history / William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian, editors. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “An integrated view of the history of our global community from a 21st-century perspective, with a focus on environmental and social issues. The 580 articles, edited and written by scholars around the world, examine connections and interactions made over time (and across cultures and locales) through trade, warfare, migration, religion, and diplomacy”—Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-933782-65-2 (alk. paper) 1. World history—Encyclopedias. I. McNeill, William Hardy, 1917- II. Bentley, Jerry H., 1949- III. Christian, David, 1946- D23.B45 2010 903--dc22 2010021635 Editorial Board and Staff Editors Publisher William H McNeill, University of Chicago, Emeritus Karen Christensen Jerry H. Bentley, University of Hawaii, Nlanoa Senior Staff Edit01· David Christian, Macquarie University, Sydney Ralph C. Croizier, University of Victoria MaryBagg J. R. McNeill, Ge01·getown University Editorial Staff Ad·visory Board Kathy Brock Ross E. Dunn, San Diego State University Rachel Christensen Ryba Epstein, Rich East High School Hillary Cox Brian Fagan, Uni·versity of Cal·~fornia, Santa Barbam David Gagne Daniel R. Headrick, Roosevelt Unive1·sity, Emet·itus Barbara Resch Kailai Huang, Massachusetts College of Liberal A1·ts Ashley Winseck Mamie Hughes-Warrington, Macquarie University Chris Yurko Tom Laichas, C1'0ssroads School Photo Research Craig Lockard, Un·itJersity of Wisconsin, G1·een Bay Anna Myers Pamela McVay, Ursuline College Carl Nightingale, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Design Patrick O'Brien, London School of Economics Anna Myers Hugh Page Jr., Univm·sity of Not1·e Dame Paul Philip, Lancaster High School Cove1· Art Mrinalini Sinha, Pennsylvania State Un·iversity Lisa Clark Peer Vries, Leiden University Composition and Indexing Newgen Imaging Systems, Inc. Printer Thomson-Shore, Inc. v ~ . , Contents List of Entries IX Reader's Guide XVII Maps XXIX Contributors XXXI Preface, by William H. McNeill XLIII Introduction to the 2nd Edition XLVII About William H. McNeill LVII Photo and Quotation Credits LIX How To Spell It and How To Say It: 100 Important People, Places, and Terms in World History LXIII VII VIII • BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Entries Abraham to Byzantine Empire 1–445 Caesar, Augustus to Ethnology 446–956 Eurasia, Inner to Kongo 957–1465 Korea to Philosophy, Greek and Roman 1466–1974 Philosophy, Modern to Television 1975–2483 Terrorism to Zoroastrianism 2484–2893 Index 2895 Eist of Entries A Anthropocene Asia Abraham Anthropology Asoka Absolutism Anthroposphere Assyrian Empire Adolescence Apartheid Augustine, Saint Africa Arab Caliphates Aurangzeb Africa- Colonial Arab League Australia Africa- Equatorial and Southern Archaeology Australia, Aboriginal (4000 IJCE-1100 CE) Architecture Austro-Hungarian Empire Africa- Postcolonial Architecture, Vernacular Automobile African American and Caribbean Aristotle Aviation Religions Art-Africa Aztec Empire African Religions Art-Ancient Greece and Rome African Union B Art-Central Asia Afro-Eurasia Art-China Babylon Agricultural Societies Art-East Asian and European Akbar Connections Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States Aksum Art-Europe Barter Alchemy Art-Japan Benin Alcoholic Beverages Art-Native North America Berlin Conference Alexander the Great Art-Paleolithic Big History al-Khwarizmi Art-Pre-Columbian Central and Biological Exchanges al-Razi South America Birth Control Amazonia Art-Russia Bolivar, Simon American Empire Art-South Asia Bows and Arrows Americas, The Art-Southeast Asia British East India Company Andean States Art-West Asia British Empire Animism Art-World Art Studies Buddha Antarctica Art-World History and Art Buddhism IX