(c) 2012 Berkshire Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved. EEccoossyysstteemm__FFMM..iinndddd PPaaggee II 11//1199//1122 1100::2299 AAMM uusseerr--ff449944 //220033//BBEERR0000000022//EEnncc8822440044__ddiisskk11ooff11//993333778822440044//EEnncc8822440044__ppaaggeeffiilleess BERKSHIRE EENNCCYYCCLLOOPPEEDDIIAA SUUSSTTAAIINNAABBIILLIITTYY OOFF VOLUME 5 E M CCOOSSYYSSTTEEMM AANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT AANNDD S UU SS TT AA II NN AA BB II LL II TT YY Editors Robin Kundis Craig, Florida State University; John Copeland Nagle, University of Notre Dame; Bruce Pardy, Queen’s University, Canada; Oswald J. Schmitz, Yale University; William K. Smith, Wake Forest University (c) 2012 Berkshire Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved. EEccoossyysstteemm__FFMM..iinndddd PPaaggee IIII 11//1199//1122 1100::2299 AAMM uusseerr--ff449944 //220033//BBEERR0000000022//EEnncc8822440044__ddiisskk11ooff11//993333778822440044//EEnncc8822440044__ppaaggeeffiilleess © 2012 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC All rights reserved. Permission to copy articles for internal or personal noncommercial use is hereby granted on the condition that appropriate fees are paid to the Copyright Clearance Center , 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers , MA 01923 , USA , telephone +1 978 750 8400, fax +1 978 646 8600, e-mail [email protected]. Teachers at institutions that own a print copy or license a digital edition of Ecosystem Management and Sustainability may use at no charge up to ten copies of no more than two articles (per course or program). Digital editions Th e Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability is available through most major e-book and database services (please check with them for pricing). Special print/digital bundle pricing is also available in cooperation with Credo Reference; contact Berkshire Publishing ([email protected]) for details. For information, contact: Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 122 Castle Street Great Barrington , Massachusetts 01230 -1506 USA [email protected] Tel +1 413 528 0206 Fax +1 413 541 0076 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Berkshire encyclopedia of sustainability: ecosystem management and sustainability / edited by Robin Kundis Craig, John Copeland Nagle, Bruce Pardy, Oswald J. Schmitz, and William K. Smith. v. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: vol. 5. Ecosystem management and sustainability — ISBN 978-1-933782-16-4 (vol. 5 print : alk. paper) 1. Environmental quality—Encyclopedias. 2. Environmental protection—Encyclopedias. 3. Sustainable development—Encyclopedias. I. Craig, Robin Kundis. II. Copeland, John. III. Pardy, Bruce. IV. Schmitz, Oswald J. V. Smith, William K. Berkshire encyclopedia of sustainability (10 volumes) / edited by Ray Anderson et al. 10 v. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-933782-01-0 (10 volumes : alk. paper) — 978-1-933782-00-3 (10 volumes e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-15-7 (vol. 1 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-57-7 (vol. 1 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-13-3 (vol. 2 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-55-3 (vol. 2 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-14-0 (vol. 3 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-56-0 (vol. 3 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-12-6 (vol. 4 print : alk. paper) — ISBN  978-1-933782-54-6  (vol. 4 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-16-4 (vol. 5 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-09-6 (vol. 5 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-40-9 (vol. 6 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-9770159-0-0 (vol. 6 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-69-0 (vol. 7 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-72-0 (vol. 7 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-18-8 (vol. 8 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-73-7 (vol. 8 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-19-5 (vol. 9 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-74-4 (vol. 9 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-63-8 (vol. 10 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-75-1 (vol. 10 e-book) 1. Environmental quality—Encyclopedias. 2. Environmental protection—Encyclopedias. 3. Sustainable development—Encyclopedias. I. Anderson, Ray, et al. HC79.E5B4576 2010 338.992703—dc22 2009035114 (c) 2012 Berkshire Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved. EEccoossyysstteemm__FFMM..iinndddd PPaaggee IIIIII 11//1199//1122 1100::2299 AAMM uusseerr--ff449944 //220033//BBEERR0000000022//EEnncc8822440044__ddiisskk11ooff11//993333778822440044//EEnncc8822440044__ppaaggeeffiilleess Editors Image Credits Editors Front cover photo by Carl Kurtz. Robin Kundis Craig Inset cover photo (as well as the image for the volume Florida State University introduction and index) is of a spider in the Florida John Copeland Nagle Everglades, USA. Photo by Fred Ward. US National University of Notre Dame Archives. Bruce Pardy Engraving illustrations of plants and insects by Maria Queen’s University, Canada Sibylla Merian (1647–1717). Oswald J. Schmitz Photos used at the beginning of each section: Yale University William K. Smith A. P lateau and houses, Shangri-La, Yunnan Province , Wake Forest University China . Photo by Bo X iaobo . Associate Editors B. American bison, Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming , Norman L. Christensen Jr. USA . Photo by Amy Siever . Duke University C. K oala in the wild, Gunnedah , Liverpool Plains , New Janet Neuman South Wales , Australia . Photo by Daniel Lunney. Lewis and Clark College D. Donkey in fi eld, Huaraz , Peru . Photo by Ellie Johnston . Advisory Board E. W ater lily . Photo by Jill Jacoby. Ray C. Anderson, Interface, Inc. ; Lester R. Brown, E arth Policy F. Partially burned forest near Mt. Humphreys , northern Institute; John Elkington, SustainAbility ; Eric Freyfogle, Arizona , USA . Photo by Bill Siever . University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign ; Luis Gomez- G. V iew from Olana looking south, Hudson Valley , New Echeverri, United Nations Development Programme ; Brent York , USA . Photo by Larry Lederman. Haddad, University of California, Santa Cruz ; Daniel M. Kammen , U niversity of California, Berkeley ; Ashok Khosla, H. W ater lilies, Innisfree Garden , Millbrook , New York , International Union for Conservation of Nature ; Christine Loh, USA . Photo by Amy Siever . Civic Exchange, Hong Kong; Cheryl Oakes, D uke University I. Invasive Japanese barberry, Bartholomew’s Cobble, Sheffi eld , Massachusetts , USA . Photo by Amy S iever . Production Staff K. Sea stars near Haystack Rock, Cannon Beach , Oregon , USA . Photo by Marjolijn Kaiser . Publisher L. N ight sky, B ruce Peninsula , Georgian Bay , Ontario , Karen Christensen Canada . Photo by Robert Dick. Project Coordinator M. A gapanthus, Cape Town , South Africa . Photo by Bill Siever Ellie Johnston . Copyeditors N. Cows drinking, Naumkeag Reservation, S tockbridge , Mary Bagg Massachusetts , USA . Photo by Amy Siever . Kathy Brock Elaine Coveney O. Coastline, Cape Town , South Africa . Photo by Ellie Cindy Crumrine Johnston . Valerie Fraser Ruud P. G oats in an olive grove, Chaffi n Family Orchards, Carolyn Haley Oroville , California , USA . Photo by Chris Kerston. Elma Sanders R. View of U S Route 180 and Mt. Humphreys , northern Stephanie Schwartz Driver Arizona , USA . Photo by Bill Siever . Editorial Assistants S. Arabian oryx, Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix , Arizona , USA . Ellie Johnston Photo by Janet Tropp . Ginger Nielsen-Reed Amanda Prigge T. A spen forest, G unnison County , Colorado , USA . Photo by Ellie Johnston . Design Anna Myers U. R ailscape , High Line, New York City , USA . Photo by Steven N. Severinghaus. Information Management Trevor Young V. O lana viewshed , Hudson Valley , New York , USA . Photo by Stan Ries. Composition and Indexing Aptara®, Inc. W. Dusk on Hurricane Ridge, Olympic National Park , Washington , USA . Photo by Ellie Johnston . Printer Th omson-Shore, Inc. III (c) 2012 Berkshire Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved. EEccoossyysstteemm__FFMM..iinndddd PPaaggee IIVV 11//1199//1122 1100::2299 AAMM uusseerr--ff449944 //220033//BBEERR0000000022//EEnncc8822440044__ddiisskk11ooff11//993333778822440044//EEnncc8822440044__ppaaggeeffiilleess Contents List of Entries v Reader’s Guide ix List of Contributors xii Series List: The Encyclopedia of Sustainability xx Introduction xxi “Adaptive Resource Management (ARM)” through “Wilderness Areas” 1–420 Index 421–435 IV (c) 2012 Berkshire Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved. EEccoossyysstteemm__FFMM..iinndddd PPaaggee VV 11//1199//1122 1100::2299 AAMM uusseerr--ff449944 //220033//BBEERR0000000022//EEnncc8822440044__ddiisskk11ooff11//993333778822440044//EEnncc8822440044__ppaaggeeffiilleess List of Entries A C Adaptive Resource Management Carrying Capacity (ARM) Catchment Management Administrative Law Charismatic Megafauna Agricultural Intensifi cation Coastal Management Agroecology Comanagement B Community Ecology Best Management Practices Complexity Th eory (BMP) Biodiversity D Biodiversity Hotspots Dam Removal Biogeography Desertifi cation Biological Corridors Disturbance Boundary Ecotones E Brownfi eld Redevelopment Ecological Forecasting Buff ers Ecological Restoration V (c) 2012 Berkshire Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved. EEccoossyysstteemm__FFMM..iinndddd PPaaggee VVII 11//1199//1122 1100::2299 AAMM uusseerr--ff449944 //220033//BBEERR0000000022//EEnncc8822440044__ddiisskk11ooff11//993333778822440044//EEnncc8822440044__ppaaggeeffiilleess VI • BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SUSTAINABILITY: ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY Ecosystem Services Human Ecology Edge Eff ects Hunting Eutrophication Hydrology Extreme Episodic Events I F Indicator Species Fencing Indigenous Peoples and Traditional Knowledge Fire Management Invasive Species Fish Hatcheries Irrigation Fisheries Management K Food Webs Keystone Species Forest Management L G Landscape Architecture Global Climate Change Landscape Planning, Large-Scale Groundwater Management Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) H Management and Assessment Habitat Fragmentation Light Pollution and Biological Systems Home Ecology (c) 2012 Berkshire Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved. EEccoossyysstteemm__FFMM..iinndddd PPaaggee VVIIII 11//1199//1122 1100::2299 AAMM uusseerr--ff449944 //220033//BBEERR0000000022//EEnncc8822440044__ddiisskk11ooff11//993333778822440044//EEnncc8822440044__ppaaggeeffiilleess LIST OF ENTRIES • VII M Pollution, Point Source Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) Population Dynamics Microbial Ecosystem Processes R Mutualism Rain Gardens N Reforestation Natural Capital Refugia Nitrogen Saturation Regime Shifts Nutrient and Biogeochemical Resilience Cycling Rewilding O Road Ecology Ocean Acidifi cation—Management S Ocean Resource Management Safe Minimum Standard Outbreak Species (SMS) Shale Gas Extraction P Shifting Baselines Syndrome Permaculture Soil Conservation Plant-Animal Interactions Species Reintroduction Pollution, N onpoint Source (c) 2012 Berkshire Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved. EEccoossyysstteemm__FFMM..iinndddd PPaaggee VVIIIIII 11//1199//1122 1100::2299 AAMM uusseerr--ff449944 //220033//BBEERR0000000022//EEnncc8822440044__ddiisskk11ooff11//993333778822440044//EEnncc8822440044__ppaaggeeffiilleess VIII • BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SUSTAINABILITY: ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY Stormwater Management V Succession Viewshed Protection T W Tree Planting Waste Management Water Resource Management, U Integrated (IWRM) Urban Agriculture Wilderness Areas Urban Forestry Urban Vegetation (c) 2012 Berkshire Publishing Group. All Rights Reserved. EEccoossyysstteemm__FFMM..iinndddd PPaaggee IIXX 11//1199//1122 1100::2299 AAMM uusseerr--ff449944 //220033//BBEERR0000000022//EEnncc8822440044__ddiisskk11ooff11//993333778822440044//EEnncc8822440044__ppaaggeeffiilleess Reader’s Guide: Articles by Category Note: most articles appear in Outbreak Species more than one category Plant-Animal Interactions BIODIVERSITY AND SPECIES INTERACTION Population Dynamics Refugia Agroecology Resilience Biodiversity Succession Biodiversity Hotspots Boundary Ecotones C T ONCEPTSAND HEORIES Charismatic Megafauna Community Ecology Administrative Law Complexity Th eory Biogeography Disturbance Carrying Capacity Ecological Forecasting Comanagement Edge Eff ects Complexity Th eory Fencing Extreme Episodic Events Food Webs Global Climate Change Habitat Fragmentation Mutualism Indicator Species Natural Capital Invasive Species Nutrient and Biogeochemical Cycling Keystone Species Regime Shifts Microbial Ecosystem Processes Resilience IX (c) 2012 Berkshire Publishing Group. 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