ERIES TWENTY FIVE ABOVE: Q,,,ly about ' 100 examples of the Soviet T.34/76A were t:. .... .\t comencing in ,june 1940. Th~ German assault on Russia began on the 22nd of ,June 1941 and the fi rst T,34 tanks were encountered sh ortty after. Tne 18th Panzer Division for example mat them for the ftrst timo on the 2nd ,July 1941. HO'Never. not m ilny appear to have been the T.34/76A as so little pictorial eVidence exists of their use, hence the poor quallty of these tINa photogra phs, However, the clean sloped outline that r"8vo\utlonised tank desi gn throughout the world is clear, The ma.in recognition feature of the A verson was the sma'll cast gun m3ntel. shO"';:: 76.2(nm gun. and welded tur r"8t. COVER ILLUSTRATTOi\:: D,..avvr: by George Bradford. As far as can be deduced from the few records that exist . these early T.34/76A tanks were gene,..ally painted overall with the standard olive gr"'een. The drawing depicts an example operating in the Winter snow covered forest areas. Note the clum3Y turret hatch which occupied most of the rear of the turret and obscures the com--nanderst vision. The rear plate could be unscrewed from the hull to allow easy access to the transmission , a particulary fault prone unit. and to the engine. 2 Soviet T.34/76A Medium Tank - 1939 Drawings by K. M. Jones. Historical research by J. F. Milsom During the 1930's a famous Soviet tank deSigner, M. l. Koshkin (who eventually became chief deSigner at the 'Komintem' factory i.n Kharkov), experimented with wheel/ track variants of tanks based on the famous American Christie suspension system During 1938, he submitted a r'eport to the Soviet High Command stating that complexities of producing wheel/track tanks was not justifi.ed by their performance, and hence recommended that the current wheeH/tackdesign the A-30, should be dropped. J Although not wholty convinced, the Soviet High Command authorized Koshkin to produce a pure-track version of the A-30 with increased armour and a 76.2mm gun. This vehicle, called the T-32, was subjected to extensive trials from which it emerged most satisfactorily. As the result, Koshkin was authorized to develop this design with minor changes into a further medium tank the T-34. The first model, T-34/76A (not called so by the Russians, since they never adopted a nomenclature for destinguishing t;etween models the 'A' designati.on was given by the Germans has been continued,) was released for production on 19th December 1939. It eventually proved to be one of the most revolutionary, most successful, tanks designs in the World. This first model of t:he T-34 began to leave the production line during June 1940. The tank hull was made of rolled armour"" pl,ate, electro-welded, although the upper rear plate and the engine cover"" plate were fastened by screws for quick removal. Tn the driving compartment were located the driver-mechanic and the hull machine­ gunner. Some ammunitlOn waS stowed here, radio equipment was located here also but only in platoon, company or higher commanders'tanks. The driver had a foot pedal (called 'desantov') which could set off a device to make the tank immobile, even under enemy fire. The driving compartment led directly into the fighting cornpar"tment. On the floor and walls of the fighting compartment were located the main ammunition compartments. On the sides of the hull were located the fuel tanks, together with compartments of the suspension. The suspension was a modified Christie type. The cast turret, which on this first model contained two men, mounted the 76.2mf1 L-11 or F-34 gun and a coaxial DTMG. The commander functioned also as the gun layer. The turret could be traversed elther by electrlc meter or hand. A metal wall seperated the fighting compartment from the engine compartment. Here was located the V-2-34 diesel engine together with fuei-injection, cooling, lubrication and ignition systems, and four batteries. The tank was steered by the clutch and brake method. The transmission compartment, at the extreme rear of the tank, contained the main gearbOX, clutch, final drives and brakes. Here also were an electric starter, a transfer box and two auxilliary fuel tanks. Only about 1100 of these tanks were produced, by which time the successor model - the T-34/76B appeared. Due to the rapidity with which the first T-34's were turned out and issued to units, it was not possible for some of the component plants to keep inltine; a shortage of the new V-2 diesel engines necessitated some early T-341s to be equipped with the older 1'J\-17 petrol engines of the BT-7 tank. A hasty demand for a large number of the transmission assemblies also caused serious reprocussions; the earUer uni,ts were so unreliable that tanks went into battle with spare transmissions secured to the engine compartment deck by steel cables. On the early model the turret hatch was clumsy - occupying the enUre rear half of the turret, which made it heavy to lift and also blocked the view of the commander when open. Only one periscope was fitted on the turret roof, at the front on the lefthand side. Some later models of the T-34/76A had the cast turret of the Model B but with the original model A type gun cradle and short 76.2mm gun (L-11). Some of these,tanks were later provided with long 76.2mm guns (Model F-34). 3 '6 "'f' ! z J Scale 1:76 (4mm to 1 foot) T-34/76 Medium Tank 4 Section view of T.34/76A M~dium Tank section. 1:48 scale C4''' to l' 0"). Technical Specification for T34/76A Crew: 4 Mechanical Details Vv'9ight. combat l oaded: 62 p 2721bs. Engine: V-2~. 27 .9 L ong Tons, 3 1.14 Short Tons, Model V-2-34 V 12 water cooled 38.9 Performance 28.24 Tonnes . l1i.t8re0 0d riepsmel, J (6d0e0v e1lo2p cinygli n5d0e0r behnpg@in e). Speed J Max. Road: 32 m.D.h. (52 Km.D.h.) Trensrnission: Slidlng m·=sh 4F1R gearbox thr"u' single Max. Gl""'o3dient: 35 degrees spu(' reduction gears to rear sproket. F o('ding depth: AI 6" (137 em) (unprepared) Steering: Clutch and Brake. Tr-ench c('055In9: 9' 8" (295 em) Suspensi.on: R....ssian developed ChristIe type. Step; 2' 4" (71 cm) Double-ribbed cast roller b::lgie wheels Min. turning circle : 25' 0" (7 . 62 metres) the 3 rear wheel on each side are Ground pressure: 9.1 l bs/ sQ. in. (0. 639 Kg/sq . em) equally spaced at 34 . 2". whilst the 2 Range (internal fuel): f r ont bogies are 40.5" on eIther s ide. r oad : 280 miles (450 Km) -Al-"'f'Y-"lam-ent 188 (milin T?lnks) tv'Ialn : 16.2mm Tank gun. Model 1938 (L-l') 280 (wall T anks) Calibre and length i.n 76.2m..-n/cm (3.00 in) Power to weight ratio : (Net/Gross) 17.9 HP/ ton calibres: L/30 .5 or L/41.2 (19 HP/ton metric HP/ton Traverse: 360 degrees. Dimensions Operaticn: Hand or electri.c from vehi.cle batteries L eng th overaLL : 20' C"/2 1' 6" (610 em)' Elevation : plus 30 deg rees,minus 3 degrees. Length: 20' 0" (610 cm) Sight and vl5ion: Width overall: 10' 0" (305 cm) Sight: One perIscope dtal sight PT-4-7 or one W idth: ove r tracks 10' 0" (305 cm) cr"'anked telescopic sight type TMFD. Height: 8' 1" (246 cm) Visia:.. : Driver has 2 epescopes, comm ander GrOU/1d clearance: l' 4" (40.6 em) and gunner each have an epescope. Fi re height of gun: 6' 0" (183 cm) *with short/long 76.2mm :Jun (both used). Turf""et r"ing dia: 5' 6" (168 em) Road wheel dia (overall): 2' 8" (81 cm) Trackwork Centres: 8 1 6" (259 cm ) L ength on ground: 12' 9" (389 cm) Wldth: 1'8" (50.7Ct'Yl: Pitch: 67/8" (17 .• em) Number of 1inks per Tr"ack: 72 Type: C3st mungan.€!.>!J s teel . Dry pIn (Bushless) centre qUlde hor..; on cilch al tematlve shoe. 5 s. ..del o ent mwing \. .... • f"\, , . A. ... ure of two differThe follotanks ... • .. g mixtantel. - nm ·n~ the ation _ first vehicle her"e shows interestiturret the T34/768. the st of Note original ca '~-'. ...e Germans to aid identifibut fitted the it is cwith "thby mm, e given 76.2ort H. .ji,t'"..­~ these wergnations -d armament, the sh iPt'j!ll""\..nJIII"" ~ The Soviets never gave the 1"34 any model desiis It a nature of the general layovt an1'34/76 by appear to be the T34/76A. normal ABOVE: A Churchill Sridgelayer about to place Its bridc;e in position dUr"ing a dem onst ration. This is a Wartime Bridgelayer based upon the chassis C:"l the Churchill /\Itl<. HI-IV, howew ',r, thi:; photogr"aph was taken after the War. (Mintstry of r"\efence) BEL OW: A fully equipped Churchill 3rldgelayer (Rridge tank 30 l't. No. 2). nlis is the Wartime version on the chassis of the Churchill tv'\I(. III-IV, note the square escape hatch. The No.2 br"idge was narrowe r tl'"~ " n those used on post war Bridgelayers . (R.A.C. Tank M~Jseum). 7 Churchill Bridgelayer (Bridge J • Tank, 30ft. No. 2)- 1942/46 Drawings and Historical reseal"'Ch by Arthur J. Goach. I Br-ldge-laying tanks first appeared Just after the First World War when experiments were carried out on a Tank Mk. V**. L.ater on, between the wars trials were carded out wlth a new improved bridge-laying Dragon F .A. Mk. I, converted for the purpose at the Experimental Bridging Establishment, Christchurch. But it was not until World War" II that this type of special ised vehicle saw combat. First, the folding Scissors type Bridgelayer appeared on the Covenanter chassis and later on the Valentine chassis. These were mainly used for training. The new one-pIece bridge was tried successfully on the Churchill chassis in 1942 and from November 1943 three Bridge\ayers fOrtTled part of the H.Q. Squadron of a Tank Brigade. Churchill Bridgelayers wer"'e used in action in N~W. Europe and in the Italian campaign until the end of U1e war, when Bridgelayers of this type were gradually repla'Ced with the post-war development mounting the No.3 bridge on the MK. VII Churchill chassis. It is this later type of vehicle (11 ZV 03) that is on display at the RAe Tank Museum, BoVtngton Camp, Dorset, England. The layer mechanism is almost identical to the earlier version, but a wider bridge employing light alloy panels for the trackways is mounted on the vehicle. Tne Churchill 8ridgelayer consists of turretless Churchill Mk. III-IV tank modified to mount a 34ft. (10.4m) bridge, designed to span a gap of 30ft. (9. 15m) and carry a 60 ton tracked vehicle. The bridge was m3.de up of two trackways of welded steel construction and joined by two diaphrag~sand a diagonal cross brace. The diaphragms were designed. in such a way as to allow the bridge to flex on uneven ter"'rian and were fitted to the trackways at me top end:::. or7\y by lar"'gE::: pins. Tne diagonal cross brace,. of tubular construction was fitted with an eye-bolt and ~hend Four gravity oper"'ated guide posts are mounted on the bridge to enable vehicles to be guided onto the bridge tr-ackways. The guide posts can be mounted on the inner or outer sides of the trackway, the former if vehicles width was to be restr"'icted. Befor-e laying the br"'idge the guide posts would normally be transferred to the outer positions by hand, but if this was not possible vehicles uSlng the bridge would fold down the guide posts on contact, retuming to the normal position by gr-avity after the vehicle had ·passed. The Bridgelayer-vehicle ltself is basically a turretless Churchill tank. The turret is removed and replaced by a large two-piece circular-cover bolted to the hull. Onto this cover is welded a fixed cupola of near-hexagonal shape with a pair of access doors hinged to its roof. ViSion blocks with visors are mounted on four Sldes. The br\dge laying m·~chanism is powered by a large hydrauhc ram mounted hol"izo:1taHy over the rear part of the vehicle hull. The end of the piston rod is supported in a cr'Oss-head runmng in a slide frame above the centre part of the hull. A connecting rod is pivoted at one to the cross-head, and the other end to the launc h\ng arm;a long triangular shaped box section~ ~elded sleel. At the top of the launching arvn is a pivot which engages into inverted 'U' blocks, one on each of the br"'idge trackways. The bottom e nd of the launching arm is plVoted to the roner frame, at the, roller"' end . The other end of the roller frame is pivoted to th.:: pivot brackets,each of which is mounted on the forwar"'d end of the hun in toNo places. A fourth pivot on the launching arm shares a common axi.s with the roller frame and the pivot brackets. Front and rear brldge supports are mounted on the hull. Hydraulic power for the r"'am comes from 3. hydraulic pump driven from the vehicles' main engine via a power take-off s haft from the front of the engl~which then passes through a clutch, a 2%:1 reduction gear-box and flexible coupling. The pump delivers 30 gallons per minute at 1600 1bs/sq. in. (112.4 Kg/sq. cm.) with the engine running at 200 rpm. This equipment is mounted 10 the fighting compa....tm<3ot, wi.th the hydrauhc ot' tank to the left of it and the COmmander to the right. n"!e other c rew m (?:m ber'" IS the Driver/ Operator. 8 ~ ~ JQ % Q) .-E CJ.) "0 B ·C E ~ (() ~. • E u ~ Ul ~ :J .!: U ! ~ ~ ~ , o I Cm> 9 ! 1 I -~ 1 ~ " , ~ I I " !!1fW1 ~I II / \ 1- I C-- O-------'1 @ r-­ ~ciD ®@@®(@~ !" l­ I­ lkl ­ YI 11 \ 0 I I . ~ l - I ~ I ag If-" oc iti~ dE ----sV5_ liT ' , ro, 15.Feet o 1 2 3 Metres Scale 1:48 C4'" to l' Oil) ! ~ • ~ 10 ib