This page intentionally left blank BEING, NATURE, AND LIFE IN ARISTOTLE This volume of essays explores major connected themes in Aristo- tle’smetaphysics,philosophyofnature,andethics,especiallythemes relatedtoessence,definition,teleology,activity,potentiality,andthe highest good. The volume is united by the belief that all aspects of Aristotle’s work need to be studied together if any one of the areas of thought is to be fully understood. Many of the chapters were contributions to a conference at the University of Pittsburgh enti- tled“Being,Nature,andLifeinAristotle,”tohonorProfessorAllan Gotthelf’s many contributions to the field of ancient philosophy; a few are contributions from those who were invited but could not attend.Thecontributors,alllongstandingfriendsofProfessorGott- helf,areamongthemostaccomplishedscholarsinthefieldofancient philosophytoday. james g. lennoxisProfessorofHistoryandPhilosophyofScience at the University of Pittsburgh. He has published many articles in professionaljournalsandeditedvolumes,andhismostrecentbooks areAristotle:OnthePartsofAnimals,TranslationwithIntroduction and Commentary (2001), and Aristotle’s Philosophy of Biology: Studies intheOriginsofLifeScience(Cambridge,2001). robert bolton isProfessorofPhilosophyatRutgersUniversity. He is author or editor of numerous books and articles on topics in ancientphilosophy,particularlythoseconcerningquestionsinepiste- mologyandphilosophyofmind,andthoseconcerningphilosophical andscientificmethodsandtheirapplicationsinnaturalscience,meta- physics,andethics. BEING, NATURE, AND LIFE IN ARISTOTLE Essays in Honor of Allan Gotthelf edited by JAMES G. LENNOX AND ROBERT BOLTON cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore, Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Dubai,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb28ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521768443 (cid:2)c CambridgeUniversityPress2010 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2010 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata Being,nature,andlifeinAristotle:essaysinhonorofAllanGotthelf/ editedbyJamesG.Lennox,RobertBolton. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-0-521-76844-3(hardback) 1.Aristotle. 2.Metaphysics. 3.Ontology. 4.Gotthelf,Allan,1942– I.Lennox,JamesG. II.Bolton,Robert(RobertA.N.) b485.b383 2010 185–dc22 2010035490 isbn978-0-521-76844-3Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Preface pagevii Notesoncontributors viii Acknowledgments xi AllanGotthelf:abiographicalsketch xii Noteonabbreviations xvi Introduction 1 1 Teleology,AristotelianandPlatonic 5 DavidSedley 2 BiologyandmetaphysicsinAristotle 30 RobertBolton 3 TheunityandpurposeofOnthePartsofAnimals156 JamesG.Lennox 4 AnAristotelianpuzzleaboutdefinition:Metaphysics(cid:2).12 78 AlanCode 5 UnityofdefinitioninMetaphysics(cid:3).6and(cid:2).12 97 MaryLouiseGill 6 DefinitioninAristotle’sPosteriorAnalytics 122 PierrePellegrin 7 MaleandfemaleinAristotle’sGenerationofAnimals 147 AryehKosman 8 Metaphysics(cid:4).7and8:someissuesconcerningactuality andpotentiality 168 DavidCharles v vi Contents 9 Whereistheactivity? 198 SarahBroadie 10 Politicalcommunityandthehighestgood 212 JohnM.Cooper AllanGotthelf’s contributionstoclassicalphilosophy 265 References 270 Indexlocorum 277 Generalindex 282 Preface A number of the chapters in this volume began as presentations at a conference celebrating the many contributions of Allan Gotthelf to the studyofancientphilosophythattookplaceonOctober1–3,2004.Itgives theeditorsgreatpleasuretothankthemanyindividualsandorganizations whocontributedtothesuccessofthatevent.AttheUniversityofPittsburgh bothfinancialandorganizationalsupportwereprovidedbytheCenterfor Philosophy of Science and its staff, Karen Kovalchick, Joyce MacDonald, andCarolWeber.FurtherfinancialsupportwasprovidedbytheUniversity of Pittsburgh’s School of Arts and Sciences, and Departments of History andPhilosophyofScienceandPhilosophy,andbytheRutgersUniversity Endowment for Ancient Philosophy. Alec Stewart, Dean of the Honors CollegeoftheUniversityofPittsburghkindlymadeitsremarkablerooms on the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth stories of the Cathedral of Learning available for a gala reception, funding for which was provided by the AnthemFoundationforObjectivistScholarship. We would like to thank Michael Sharp for his support and patience in working with us at all stages on the production of the present vol- ume; Cambridge University Press’s referees, whose suggestions helped to improve the final product; Elizabeth Hanlon and Sarah Roberts for their careful handling of editorial matters; Jan Chapman for her skillful copy- editing;BenjaminGoldbergforhelpinpreparingtheindexes;andfinally, the Syndics of Cambridge University Press for approving this volume for publication. vii Notes on contributors robert bolton is Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University. He is author of Science, dialectic et ethique chez Aristote (2010), and co-editor of Form, Matter and Mixture in Aristotle (1996) and of Logic, Dialectic andScienceinAristotle(1994).HeisaformerRhodesScholarandFellow oftheCentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique,Paris. sarah broadie is Professor of Philosophy at the University of St. Andrews. She has also taught at the University of Edinburgh, the Uni- versity of Texas at Austin, Yale, Rutgers, and Princeton. She special- izesinAncientGreekPhilosophyandherpublicationsincludeAristotle andBeyond(Cambridge,2005);Aristotle:theNicomacheanEthics(with Christopher Rowe) (2002); Ethics with Aristotle (1991); Nature, Change and Agency in Aristotle’s Physics (1982); and Passage and Possibility, a StudyofAristotle’sModalConcepts(1982). david charles is Research Professor of Philosophy at Oriel College, Oxford. He is the author of Aristotle on Meaning and Essence (2000), Aristotle’s Philosophy of Action (1984) and the editor of The Greeks on Definition(2010). alan code is a Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University;hewaspreviouslytheNicholasC.PetrisProfessorofGreek Studies at the University of California at Berkeley, and the O’Donnell Professor of Philosophy at the Ohio State University. His research has concentratedonAristotle’smetaphysicsandlogic,andrelatedtopicsin hisnaturalphilosophyandbiology. john m. cooper is Henry Putnam University Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University, and Director of the joint Ph.D. Program in ClassicalPhilosophythere.HeiseditorofPlato:CompleteWorks(1997), co-authorwithJohnProcope´ofSeneca:MoralandPoliticalEssays(1995), and author of Reason and Human Good in Aristotle (1975), Reason and viii