Behavioral Science Behavioral Science Barbara Fadem, PhD Professor Department of Psychiatry University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey New Jersey Medical School Newark, New Jersey Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Product Manager: Catherine Noonan Marketing Manager: Joy Fisher-Williams Designer: Holly Reid McLaughlin Compositor: Aptara, Inc. Sixth Edition Copyright © 2014, 2009, 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street Two Commerce Square Baltimore, MD 21201 2001 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. 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However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omis- sions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publi- cation. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations. The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dos- age set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug. Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical practice. To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301) 223-2320. International customers should call (301) 223-2300. Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: http://www.lww.com. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6:00 pm, EST. I lovingly dedicate the 6th edition of this book to Daniel, Jonathan, Terri, Sarah and Joseph Fadem and Tom and Fifi Chenal Preface The function and state of the mind are of significant importance to the physical health of an individual. The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) is closely attuned to the substantial power of the mind–body relationship and extensively tests this area on all three steps of the examination. This review book was prepared as a learning tool to help the students rapidly recall information that they learned in the first two years of medical school in behavioral science, psychiatry, epidemiology, and related courses. The sixth edition of BRS Behavioral Science contains 26 chapters. All chapters start with a “Typical Board Question,” which serves as an example for the manner in which the subject matter of that chapter is tested on the USMLE. Each chapter has been updated to include the most current information. A total of more than 700 USMLE-style questions (about 70 more than in the fifth edition) and answers with detailed explanations are presented after each chapter, as well as in the Com- prehensive Examination. A significant number of these questions were written expressly for this sixth edition and reflect USMLE style, using clinical vignettes in the stem. Many tables are included in the book to provide quick access to essential information. vii