Table Of Content

Beginning Biblical Hebrew Beginning Biblical Hebrew Mark D. Futato Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2003 ç Copyright 2003 by Mark D. Futato. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Futato, Mark David Beginning Biblical Hebrew / Mark D. Futato. p. cm. ISBN 1-57506-022-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Hebrew language—Grammar. I. Title. PJ4567.3.F88 2003 492.4u82421—dc21 2003054970 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. †‘ 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To my wife, Adele Many women do noble things, but you surpass them all. (Proverbs 31:30 [29]) Wnl: alø hw;hy] Wnl: alø d/bK: ˆTE Úm}v¥l}AyKI ÚT<mIa“Al[" ÚD]s}j"Al[" (Psalm 115:1) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1. THE ALPHABET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. THE VOWELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. SYLLABLES, SHEVA, AND STRONG DAGESH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4. THE NOUN: BASIC FORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5. PRONOUNS AND THE DEFINITE ARTICLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 6. THE VERB: QAL PERFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 7. SENTENCES WITH VERBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 8. THE NOUN: VOWEL CHANGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 9. PREPOSITIONS AND VAV CONJUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 10. THE ADJECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 11. THE VERB: QAL IMPERFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 12. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: SINGULAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 13. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: PLURAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 14. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: WEAK ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 15. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: I NUN AND III HEY . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 16. POSSESSIVE SUFFIXES ON SINGULAR NOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 17. DEMONSTRATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 18. QAL IMPERFECT: I YOD AND I ALEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 19. POSSESSIVE SUFFIXES ON PLURAL NOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 20. THE VERB: QAL INFINITIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 21. THE VERB: QAL ACTIVE PARTICIPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 22. PRONOUN SUFFIXES ON PREPOSITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 23. THERE IS (NOT) AND HAVE (NOT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 24. THE VERB: QAL VOLITIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 25. QAL: HOLLOW VERBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 26. THE VERB: VAV-RELATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 27. CLAUSES: TEMPORAL AND INTERROGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 28. THE PIEL: STRONG ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 vii viii u CONTENTS 29. THE PIEL: WEAK ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 30. NUMBERS AND “SURPRISE” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 31. THE HIPHIL: STRONG ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 32. THE HIPHIL: I GUTTURAL AND I NUN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 33. THE HIPHIL: I YOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 34. THE HIPHIL: III HEY AND HOLLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 35. MORE ON PRONOUN SUFFIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 36. THE NIPHAL: STRONG ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 37. THE NIPHAL: WEAK ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 38. MORE PASSIVE VERBS: QAL, PUAL, AND HOPHAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 39. THE VERB: THE HITHPAEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 40. THE VERB: GEMINATE ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 PARADIGMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 VOCABULARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE DRILLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 INDEX OF TOPICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 INDEX OF HEBREW TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 41. INTRODUCTION Goal Beginning Biblical Hebrew provides students with a thorough introduc- tion to Biblical Hebrew in an easy-to-learn format. Familiarity with English and Hebrew grammatical terminology is not presumed. All essential terms are introduced throughout the grammar in clear, nontechnical language. Students will learn the morphology (forms) and syntax (uses) of Hebrew adjectives, conjunctions, nouns, numbers, prepositions, and verbs. Students will lay a solid foundation for studying the Hebrew Bible by mastering Beginning Biblical Hebrew. Objectives Upon successful completion of Beginning Biblical Hebrew, students will have: ‰ Mastered the pronunciation of Hebrew ‰ Mastered the forms and uses of Hebrew words ‰ Mastered a vocabulary of 400 Hebrew words ‰ Learned how to analyze any Hebrew word ‰ Learned how to translate standard Biblical Hebrew ‰ Grown in an enjoyment of the Hebrew language ‰ Grown in a commitment to use Hebrew in a lifelong study of the Hebrew Bible. Method Each lesson comprises three sections: grammar, vocabulary, and prac- tice. The grammar section introduces students to the elements of the Hebrew language in bite-sized chunks. Students will encounter all gram- mar essential for reading the Hebrew Bible. The vocabulary section introduces students to ten words. The vo- cabulary is numerically keyed to Raymond B. Dillard, Hebrew Vocabu- lary Cards (Springfield, Ohio: Visual Education Association, 1981), so that beginning students can easily access this aid to mastering their vocabulary. ix

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Beginning Biblical Hebrew Beginning Biblical Hebrew Mark D. Futato Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2003 ç Copyright 2003 by Mark D. Futato. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Futato, Mark David Beginning Biblical Hebrew / Mark D. Futato. p. cm. ISBN 1-57506-022-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Hebrew language—Grammar. I. Title. PJ4567.3.F88 2003 492.4u82421—dc21 2003054970 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. †‘ 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To my wife, Adele Many women do noble things, but you surpass them all. (Proverbs 31:30 [29]) Wnl: alø hw;hy] Wnl: alø d/bK: ˆTE Úm}v¥l}AyKI ÚT<mIa“Al[" ÚD]s}j"Al[" (Psalm 115:1) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1. THE ALPHABET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. THE VOWELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. SYLLABLES, SHEVA, AND STRONG DAGESH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4. THE NOUN: BASIC FORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5. PRONOUNS AND THE DEFINITE ARTICLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 6. THE VERB: QAL PERFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 7. SENTENCES WITH VERBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 8. THE NOUN: VOWEL CHANGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 9. PREPOSITIONS AND VAV CONJUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 10. THE ADJECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 11. THE VERB: QAL IMPERFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 12. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: SINGULAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 13. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: PLURAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 14. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: WEAK ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 15. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: I NUN AND III HEY . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 16. POSSESSIVE SUFFIXES ON SINGULAR NOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 17. DEMONSTRATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 18. QAL IMPERFECT: I YOD AND I ALEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 19. POSSESSIVE SUFFIXES ON PLURAL NOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 20. THE VERB: QAL INFINITIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 21. THE VERB: QAL ACTIVE PARTICIPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 22. PRONOUN SUFFIXES ON PREPOSITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 23. THERE IS (NOT) AND HAVE (NOT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 24. THE VERB: QAL VOLITIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 25. QAL: HOLLOW VERBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 26. THE VERB: VAV-RELATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 27. CLAUSES: TEMPORAL AND INTERROGATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 28. THE PIEL: STRONG ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 vii viii u CONTENTS 29. THE PIEL: WEAK ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 30. NUMBERS AND “SURPRISE” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 31. THE HIPHIL: STRONG ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 32. THE HIPHIL: I GUTTURAL AND I NUN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 33. THE HIPHIL: I YOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 34. THE HIPHIL: III HEY AND HOLLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 35. MORE ON PRONOUN SUFFIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 36. THE NIPHAL: STRONG ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 37. THE NIPHAL: WEAK ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 38. MORE PASSIVE VERBS: QAL, PUAL, AND HOPHAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 39. THE VERB: THE HITHPAEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 40. THE VERB: GEMINATE ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 PARADIGMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 VOCABULARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE DRILLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 INDEX OF TOPICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 INDEX OF HEBREW TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 41. INTRODUCTION Goal Beginning Biblical Hebrew provides students with a thorough introduc- tion to Biblical Hebrew in an easy-to-learn format. Familiarity with English and Hebrew grammatical terminology is not presumed. All essential terms are introduced throughout the grammar in clear, nontechnical language. Students will learn the morphology (forms) and syntax (uses) of Hebrew adjectives, conjunctions, nouns, numbers, prepositions, and verbs. Students will lay a solid foundation for studying the Hebrew Bible by mastering Beginning Biblical Hebrew. Objectives Upon successful completion of Beginning Biblical Hebrew, students will have: ‰ Mastered the pronunciation of Hebrew ‰ Mastered the forms and uses of Hebrew words ‰ Mastered a vocabulary of 400 Hebrew words ‰ Learned how to analyze any Hebrew word ‰ Learned how to translate standard Biblical Hebrew ‰ Grown in an enjoyment of the Hebrew language ‰ Grown in a commitment to use Hebrew in a lifelong study of the Hebrew Bible. Method Each lesson comprises three sections: grammar, vocabulary, and prac- tice. The grammar section introduces students to the elements of the Hebrew language in bite-sized chunks. Students will encounter all gram- mar essential for reading the Hebrew Bible. The vocabulary section introduces students to ten words. The vo- cabulary is numerically keyed to Raymond B. Dillard, Hebrew Vocabu- lary Cards (Springfield, Ohio: Visual Education Association, 1981), so that beginning students can easily access this aid to mastering their vocabulary. ix

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