Before Stonewall Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context HAWORTH Gay & Lesbian Studies John P. De Cecco, PhD Editor in Chief One of the Boys: Masculinity, Homophobia, and Modern Manhoodby David Plummer Homosexual Rites of Passage: A Road to Visibility and Validationby Marie Mohler Male Lust: Pleasure, Power, and Transformationedited by Kerwin Kay, Jill Nagle, and Baruch Gould Tricks and Treats: Sex Workers Write About Their Clientsedited by Matt Bernstein Sycamore A Sea of Stories: The Shaping Power of Narrative in Gay and Lesbian Cultures— A Festschrift for John P. De Ceccoedited by Sonya Jones Out of the Twilight: Fathers of Gay Men Speakby Andrew R. Gottlieb The Mentor: A Memoir of Friendship and Gay Identityby Jay Quinn Male to Male: Sexual Feeling Across the Boundaries of Identityby Edward J. Tejirian Straight Talk About Gays in the Workplace,Second Editionby Liz Winfeld and Susan Spielman The Bear Book II: Further Readings in the History and Evolution of a Gay Male Subcultureedited by Les Wright Gay Men at Midlife: Age Before Beautyby Alan L. Ellis Being Gay and Lesbian in a Catholic High School: Beyond the Uniform by Michael Maher Finding a Lover for Life: A Gay Man’s Guide to Finding a Lasting Relationship by David Price The Man Who Was a Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Loreby Devdutt Pattanaik How Homophobia Hurts Children: Nurturing Diversity at Home, at School, and in the Communityby Jean M. Baker The Harvey Milk Institute Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Internet Researchedited by Alan Ellis, Liz Highleyman, Kevin Schaub, and Melissa White Stories of Gay and Lesbian Immigration: Together Forever?by John Hart From Drags to Riches: The Untold Story of Charles Pierceby John Wallraff Lyton Strachey and the Search for Modern Sexual Identity: The Last Eminent Victorianby Julie Anne Taddeo Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context edited by Vern L Bullough. Sons Talk About Their Gay Fathers: Life Curvesby Andrew R. Gottlieb Before Stonewall Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context Vern L. Bullough, RN, PhD Editor Judith M. Saunders, RN, PhD Sharon Valente, RN, PhD Associate Editors C. Todd White, PhD (cand.) Assistant Editor Transferred to Digital Printing 2008 by Routledge 2008 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN 270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 Published by HarringtonParkPress,animprintofTheHaworthPress,Inc.,10AliceStreet,Binghamton,NY 13904-1580. ©2002byTheHaworthPress,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisworkmaybereproducedor utilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,microfilm, andrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting from the publisher. Cover design by Jennifer M. Gaska. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data BeforeStonewall:activistsforgayandlesbianrightsinhistoricalcontext/VernL.Bullough,edi- tor. Includes bibliographical references and index. p. cm. ISBN 1-56023-192-0 (alk. paper)—ISBN 1-56023-193-9 (alk. paper) 1. Gay activists—Biography. 2. Gay liberation movement—History. I. Bullough, Vern L. HQ76.5 .R56 2002 305.9'0664'0922—dc21 2001051858 CONTENTS About the Editor x Contributors xi Preface xv Introduction 1 PART I: PRE-1950 11 Alfred C. Kinsey (1894-1956) 13 C. A. Tripp Henry Gerber (1895-1972): Grandfather of the American Gay Movement 24 Jim Kepner Stephen O. Murray Edward Irenaeus Prime-Stevenson (Xavier Mayne) (1868-1942) 35 John Lauritsen Prescott Townsend (1894-1973): Bohemian Blueblood— A Different Kind of Pioneer 41 Charles Shively Jeannette Howard Foster (1895-1981) 48 Virginia Elwood-Akers Pearl M. Hart (1890-1975) 56 Karen C. Sendziak Lisa Ben (1921- ) 63 Florine Fleischman with Susan Bullough Berry Berryman (1901-1972) 66 Vern L. Bullough PART II: ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVISTS 69 Harry Hay (1912- ) 73 Vern L. Bullough Dale Jennings (1917-2000): ONE’s Outspoken Advocate 83 C. Todd White W. Dorr Legg (1904-1994) 94 Wayne R. Dynes Don Slater (1923-1997) 103 Joseph Hansen Jim Schneider (1932- ): ONE’s Guardian Angel 115 C. Todd White William Edward (Billy) Glover (1932- ) 121 Vern L. Bullough Jim Kepner (1923-1997) 124 Lewis Gannett William A. Percy III Stella Rush a.k.a. Sten Russell (1925- ) 135 Judith M. Saunders Helen Sandoz a.k.a Helen Sanders a.k.a. Ben Cat (1920-1987) 145 Stella Rush Herb Selwyn (1925- ) 148 Vern L. Bullough Hal Call (1917-2000): Mr. Mattachine 151 James T. Sears Del Martin (1921- ) 160 Phyllis Lyon Phyllis Lyon (1924- ) 169 Del Martin Billye Talmadge (1929- ): Some Kind of Courage 179 William Fennie Cleo Glenn (Bonner) (Dates Unknown) 189 Phyllis Lyon Del Martin Pat Walker (1938-1999) 191 Del Martin with assistance from Leslie Warren Bob Basker (1918-2001): Selling the Movement 193 James T. Sears Shirley Willer (1922-1999) 203 Del Martin Phyllis Lyon PART III: MOVERS AND SHAKERS ON THE NATIONAL SCENE 207 Franklin E. Kameny (1925- ) 209 David K. Johnson Jack Nichols (1938- ): The Blue Fairy of the Gay Movement 219 James T. Sears Lige Clarke (1942-1975) 232 Jack Nichols Barbara Gittings (1932- ): Independent Spirit 241 Kay Tobin Lahusen Barbara Grier (1933- ): Climbing the Ladder 253 Victoria A. Brownworth Stephen Donaldson (Robert A. Martin): (1946-1996) 265 Wayne R. Dynes Randolfe Wicker (1938- ) 273 Jack Nichols Arthur Cyrus Warner (1918- ) 282 John Lauritsen Richard Inman (1926?- ) 291 Jesse G. Monteagudo PART IV: OTHER VOICES AND THEIR INFLUENCE 301 Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997): On His Own Terms 304 Gwen Brewer Walter H. Breen (J. Z. Eglinton) (1928-1993) 312 Donald Mader Warren Johansson (1934-1994) 322 William A. Percy III Donald Webster Cory (1913-1986) 333 Stephen O. Murray Evelyn Gentry Hooker (1907-1996) 344 Sharon Valente George Weinberg (1935- ) 351 Jack Nichols Vern L. Bullough (1928- ): Making the Pen Mightier Than the Sword 361 John P. De Cecco Christine Jorgensen (1926-1989) 369 Vern L. Bullough Virginia Prince (1913- ) 372 Vern L. Bullough José Sarria (1923- ) 376 Vern L. Bullough Charlotte Coleman (1923- ) 380 Roberta Bobba Reed Erickson (1917-1992): How One Transsexed Man Supported ONE 383 Holly Devor Troy Perry (1940- ) 393 Lee Arnold Morris Kight (1919- ): Community Activist 399 Felice Picano Index 407