BAT TLES T H AT C H A N G E D HISTORY US_001_Half_Title.indd 1 06/04/2018 16:04 US_002-003_Title.indd 2 06/04/2018 16:04 S M I T H S O N I A N BAT TLES T H AT C H A N G E D HISTORY US_002-003_Title.indd 3 06/04/2018 16:04 Contents DK LONDON Senior Editors Hugo Wilkinson, Andrew Szudek Senior Art Editor Anthony Limerick Editors Jemima Dunne, Joanna Micklem US Editors Lori Hand, Jill Hamilton Foreword by Sir Tony Robinson 6 Hastings (1066) 46 Managing Editor Gareth Jones Senior Managing Art Editor Lee Griffiths Introduction 8 Norman Conquest of England Picture Researchers Sarah Hopper, Sarah Smithies Jacket Designer Surabhi Wadhwa-Gandhi Manzikert (1071) 50 Jacket Design Manager Sophia MTT Byzantine–Sejuq Wars Jacket Editor Claire Gell Marathon (490 BCE) 12 Pre-production Producers Gillian Reid, David Almond Greco–Persian Wars Siege of Jerusalem (1099) 52 Producer Mandy Inness First Crusade Publisher Liz Wheeler Thermopylae (480 BCE) 16 Art Director Karen Self Dan-no-ura (1185) 54 Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf Greco–Persian Wars Genpei War DK INDIA Salamis (480 BCE) 18 Hattin (1187) 56 Senior Editor Arani Sinha Greco–Persian Wars Assistant Editors Priyadarshini Gogoi, Ayyubid–Crusader War Devangana Ojha Issus (333 BCE) 20 Project Art Editor Vikas Chauhan Conquests of Alexander the Great Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) 58 Art Editors Jomin Johny, Anukriti Arora Spanish Reconquista Assistant Art Editor Amrai Dua Gaugamela (331 BCE) 24 Managing Editor Soma B. Chowdhury Conquests of Alexander the Great Liegnitz (1241) 60 Senior Managing Art Editor Arunesh Talapatra Mongol Invasions of Europe Picture Researcher Aditya Katyal Cannae (216 BCE) 26 Picture Research Manager Taiyaba Khatoon Lake Peipus (1242) 62 Senior DTP Designers Shanker Prasad, Jagtar Singh Second Punic War Northern Crusades DTP Designer Ashok Kumar Production Manager Pankaj Sharma Alesia (52 BCE) 28 Ain Jalut (1260) 64 Pre-production Manager Balwant Singh Caesar’s Gallic War Senior Jackets DTP Designer Harish Aggarwal Mongol Invasions of Syria Jacket Designer Juhi Sheth Jackets Editorial Coordinator Priyanka Sharma BEFORE 1000 1000 –1500 Managing Jackets Editor Saloni Singh CE Actium (31 BCE) 30 Crécy (1346) 66 Republican Civil War Hundred Years’ War SMITHSONIAN Established in 1846, the Smithsonian—the world’s largest museum Red Cliffs (208 CE) 34 Grunwald (1410) 70 and research complex—includes 19 museums and galleries and the National Zoological Park. The total number of artifacts, works of art, Late Han Civil War Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War and specimens in the Smithsonian’s collections is estimated at 154 million, much of which is contained in the National Museum of Natural History, Adrianople (378 CE) 36 Agincourt (1415) 72 which holds more than 126 million specimens and objects. The Smithsonian Roman–Gothic Wars Hundred Years’ War is a renowned research center, dedicated to public education, national service, and scholarship in the arts, sciences, and history. Tours (732 CE) 38 Kutná Hora (1421) 74 Umayyad Invasion of Gaul Hussite Wars SMITHSONIAN ENTERPRISES Product Development Manager Kealy Gordon Lechfeld (955 CE) 40 Siege of Orléans (1428–29) 76 Licensing Manager Ellen Nanney Magyar Invasions Hundred Years’ War Vice President, Consumer and Brigid Ferraro Education Products Directory: 42 Fall of Constantinople (1453) 78 Senior Vice President, Consumer and Carol LeBlanc Education Products Kadesh (1274 BCE) ■ Chaeronea (338 BCE) Byzantine–Ottoman Wars Zama (202 BCE) ■ Pharsalus (48 BCE) Directory: 82 SMITHSONIAN CONSULTANT Teutoburg Forest (9 CE) ■ al-Qadisiyyah (636 CE) Legnano (1176) ■ Xiangyang (1268) Dr. F. Robert van der Linden, Curator of Air Transportation and Special Purpose Yarmouk (636 CE) ■ Baekgang (663 CE) Courtrai (1302) ■ Bannockburn (1314) Aircraft, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Talas (751 CE) ■ Edington (878 CE) Poitiers (1356) ■ Lake Poyang (1363) First American edition, 2018 Bach Dang (938 CE) Kosovo (1389) ■ Castillon (1453) ■ Murten (1476) Published in the United States by DK Publishing 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Nancy (1477) ■ Bosworth Field (1485) Copyright © 2018 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a division of Penguin Random House LLC 18 19 20 21 22 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001– 310028–September/2018 Contributors All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means Philip Parker R.G. Grant historical slant and has appeared in the (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), Philip Parker is a historian specializing R.G. Grant has written extensively on Financial Times, the Telegraph, and Condé without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. in the classical and medieval world. He is history, military history, current affairs, Nast Traveller. He is the author of two Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. the author of the Eyewitness Companion and biography. His publications include books on the golden age of travel in Egypt. A catalog record for this book is available Guide to World History, The Empire Stops Flight: 100 Years of Aviation, A Visual from the Library of Congress. Here: A Journey Around the Frontiers History of Britain, and World War I: The Foreword by Sir Tony Robinson ISBN 978-1-4654-7384-4 of the Roman Empire, The Northmen’s Definitive Visual Guide. He was consultant Award-winning writer, presenter, and DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for Fury: A History of the Viking World, and editor on DK’s The History Book. actor Sir Tony Robinson is Britain’s sales promotions, premiums, fundraising, or educational use. For details, general editor of The Great Trade foremost face of popular history. His contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, Routes: A History of Cargoes and Andrew Humphreys television credits include Time Team New York 10014 [email protected] Commerce Over Land and Sea. He was Andrew Humphreys is an author and travel (Channel 4), Blackadder (BBC1), The Printed and bound in Malaysia a contributor to DK’s The History Book writer who has written or co-written more Worst Jobs In History (Channel 4), and History Year by Year. He previously than 35 books for DK, Lonely Planet, Walking Through History (Channel 4), A WORLD OF IDEAS: worked as a diplomat and a publisher National Geographic, and Time Out. His Me and My Mum (ABC), Tony Robinson’s SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW of historical atlases. journalism often involves travel with a Coast to Coast (Channel 5), Britain’s www.dk.com US_004-005_Contents.indd 4 27/04/2018 11:51 Mukden (1905) 182 Russo–Japanese War Tsushima (1905) 184 Russo–Japanese War Siege of Tenochtitlán (1521) 86 Blenheim (1704) 126 Tannenberg (1914) 188 Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire War of the Spanish Succession World War I Pavia (1525) 88 Poltava (1709) 128 First Marne (1914) 190 First Habsburg–Valois War Great Northern War World War I Panipat (1526) 90 Plassey (1757) 130 Gallipoli (1915) 192 Mughal Conquests Seven Years’ War World War I Mohács (1526) 92 Leuthen (1757) 132 Verdun (1916) 194 Ottoman Conquest of Europe Seven Years’ War World War I Great Siege of Malta (1565) 94 Plains of Abraham (1759) 134 Jutland (1916) 198 Ottoman–Habsburg Wars French and Indian War World War I Lepanto (1571) 96 Saratoga (1777) 136 The Somme (1916) 200 Ottoman–Habsburg Wars American Revolution World War I Nagashino (1575) 98 Fleurus (1794) 140 Passchendaele (1917) 204 Sengoku Period French Revolutionary Wars World War I Spanish Armada Campaign (1588) 100 Marengo (1800) 142 Dunkirk (1940) 206 Anglo–Spanish War French Revolutionary Wars World War II Hansando (1592) 104 Trafalgar (1805) 144 Battle of Britain (1940) 208 Japanese–Korean War Napoleonic Wars World War II White Mountain (1620) 106 Austerlitz (1805) 146 Pearl Harbor (1941) 212 Thirty Years’ War Napoleonic Wars World War II 1500 –1700 1700 –1900 1900 –PRESENT Breitenfeld (1631) 108 Salamanca (1812) 150 Midway (1942) 214 Thirty Years’ War Peninsula War World War II Lützen (1632) 110 Borodino (1812) 152 Second Battle of El Alamein (1942) 218 Thirty Years’ War Napoleonic Wars World War II Marston Moor (1644) 112 New Orleans (1815) 154 Stalingrad (1942–43) 220 English Civil War War of 1812 World War II Naseby (1645) 114 Waterloo (1815) 156 Kursk (1943) 224 English Civil War Napoleonic Wars World War II Raid on the Medway (1667) 116 Boyacá (1819) 158 Operation Overlord (1944) 226 Second Anglo-Dutch War South American Wars of Independence World War II Siege of Vienna (1683) 118 Balaklava (1854) 160 Operation Market Garden (1944) 230 Ottoman–Habsburg Wars Crimean War World War II Directory: 122 Solferino (1859) 162 Battle of the Bulge (1944) 232 Marignano (1515) ■ Cajamarca (1532) Italian Wars of Independence World War II Alcacer Quibir (1578) ■ Ivry (1590) Antietam (1862) 164 Iwo Jima (1945) 234 Sacheon (1598) ■ Sekigahara (1600) American Civil War World War II Rocroi (1643) ■ Yangzhou (1645) Gettysburg (1863) 166 Inchon (1950) 236 Solebay (1672) ■ The Boyne (1690) American Civil War Korean War Zenta (1697) Königgrätz (1866) 170 Dien Bien Phu (1954) 238 Austro–Prussian War First Indochina War Sedan (1870) 172 Six-Day War (1967) 240 Franco–Prussian War Arab–Israeli Wars Little Bighorn (1876) 174 Tet Offensive (1968) 242 Ancient Tracks (Channel 4), and more. Great Sioux War Vietnam War As a children’s television writer, he has won two RTS awards, a BAFTA, and the Isandlwana (1879) 176 Operation Desert Storm (1991) 244 International Prix Jeunesse, and his work Anglo–Zulu War Gulf War includes Central TV’s Fat Tulip’s Garden, Directory: 178 Directory: 246 Odysseus—the Greatest Hero of Culloden (1746) ■ Quiberon Bay (1759) Spion Kop (1900) ■ Caporetto (1917) Them All, and Blood and Honey. He has also made a range of television Siege of Yorktown (1781) ■ Tippecanoe (1811) Warsaw (1920) ■ First and Second Battle of documentaries, written 30 children’s Navarino (1827) ■ San Jacinto (1836) Inonu (1921) ■ Madrid (1936) ■ Shanghai (1937) books, winning the Blue Peter Factual Sobraon (1846) ■ First Bull Run (1861) Imphal (1944) ■ Falaise Gap (1944) Book Award twice, and several books Third Battle of Nanjing (1864) ■ Adowa (1896) Xuzhou (1948–49) ■ Falklands (1982) for adults, including his autobiography Omdurman (1898) Invasion of Iraq (2003) No Cunning Plan. He is an ambassador for the Alzheimer’s Society, and received Index 248 a knighthood in 2013. Acknowledgments 255 US_004-005_Contents.indd 5 27/04/2018 11:51 US_006-007_Foreword.indd 6 06/04/2018 16:04 7 FOREWORD Foreword How many battles did change the course of history? which it took place; the anger, frustrations, and terror It’s a good question. When we read about some troop of the local inhabitants; the clothes and weapons of deployment on an ancient battlefield, it’s easy to think the fighting forces, the fateful decisions taken by civilian of it as a mere historical curiosity rather than as a and military leaders—all are reflected in, and are illuminated confrontation still relevant to us today. by, the clash of arms. And while this book isn’t intended The reality is, though, that the outcomes of historic as a comprehensive compendium of the world’s wars battles have shaped countries, empires, civilizations, and or as a manual on the art of warfare, it does aim to offer the lives of each and every one of us. In Europe, nations a glimpse of the broader world in which each battle took were born from the crucible of warring powers, while place, as well as the ways in which history was made at a in the mountains and deserts of the East, ancient rivalries particular moment in time. created borders and molded cultures in ways that are Finally, as tempting as it is to look back at historical still central to the lives of their inhabitants today. Across events simply as fascinating echoes of years gone by, the great landmass of central Europe, the expansion of it’s always worth remembering the sacrifices of the fallen. Genghis Khan’s Mongol empire changed the face of a huge Military history is forged not only by bravery but by loss swathe of the world. In South America the use of Spanish of life, and we would do well to remember this when we as a lingua franca can be traced to Cortés’s conquest of look back at the struggles of the past. the Aztec city of Tenochtitlán, while the US owes much of its political and cultural heritage to the Revolutionary War and the American Civil War. Closer to the present, the behind-the-scenes dealings of the Cold War have had an enormous influence both on contemporary geopolitics and on modern combat. But it’s not only the great defining moments of history that are revealed in these battles. Each military engagement is a snapshot of the political and cultural background in SIR TONY ROBINSON US_006-007_Foreword.indd 7 06/04/2018 16:04 8 INTRODUCTION Introduction Conflicts have been an ever-present part of of victory, as well as to mitigate the consequences of human history around the globe since the emergence defeat. While modes of transport and weaponry have of the first civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. changed and adapted over the centuries—the spears Warfare has played a key role in shaping our history, and chariots employed by the Egyptians and Hittites at with defeat in battle often precipitating the decline the Battle of Kadesh may seem very different to the hi-tech of cultures, of empires, or more recently, of nation- tanks and cruise missiles deployed by the US during the states—and victory leading to the acquisition of land, 1991 Desert Storm offensive (see pp.244–45)—but each people, and resources. Battles That Changed History has had the power to change history. Critically, too, no battle takes a chronological look at a selection of the world’s sits in isolation. They are always the consequence of other most infamous and influential wars. Its content spans developments: for example, the ambition of emperors, more than 3,000 years, from the Battle of Kadesh politicians, or peoples, of the failure of diplomacy, or of of 1274 BCE between the Egyptians and Hittites competition for scarce resources. (see p.42), to the second multinational coalition invasion of Saddam Hussein’s Iraq launched in 2003 Types of battle (see p.247), and examines battles on every continent, Battles That Changed History looks at many different with the exception of Antarctica. types of campaign both on land and at sea. These include everything from straightforward field encounters between Tactics and techology two sides, as seen at the 1187 Battle of Hattin between Throughout the centuries, emperors, military commanders, the crusaders and Saladin’s Muslim army (see pp.56–57), generals, and admirals have faced the same objectives to complex maneuvers such as the Battle of Kursk during and challenges: to outmaneuver their enemy, to gather World War II, which featured one the world’s largest tank maximum resources to apply to the other side’s weak point, battles (see pp.224–45). Marine engagements range from to avoid becoming entrapped, and to capitalize on the effects the Spanish Armada Campaign of 1588 (see pp.100–103), 1 SEA BATTLE IN FEUDAL JAPAN The Battle of Dan-no-ura (see pp.54–55) took place in the 12th century between warring Japanese clans. Their ships' crews boarded each other and engaged in fierce hand-to-hand combat. US_008-009_Introduction.indd 8 06/04/2018 16:04