LiU Norrköping Basic Income Grant Towards Poverty Alleviation In Namibia A discourse analysis of conceptions of poverty and poverty alleviation within the BIG Coalition Sofia Littmarck Magisteruppsats från Utbildningsprogrammet för Samhälls- och kulturanalys ISRN: LiU-ISV/SKA-A--10/07--SE Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och välfärdsstudier – ISV, 601 74 Norrköping Basic Income Grant Towards Poverty Alleviation in Namibia A discourse analysis of conceptions of poverty and poverty alleviation within the BIG Coalition Sofia Littmarck Supervisor: Magnus Berg Master (one year) Thesis in Social and Cultural Analysis Year 2010 ISRN: LiU-ISV/SKA-A—10/07--SE Institutionen för samhälls- och välfärdsstudier Institution, Avdelning Datum Department, Division Date Institutionen för samhälls- och 22nd of September, 2010 välfärdsstudier Samhälls- och kulturanalys Språk Rapporttyp ISRN Report category LIU-ISV/SKA-A--10/07—SE Language ______AB-uppsats Författare ____Svenska/Swedish ______C-uppsats Author __X__D-uppsats Sofia Littmarck _X__Engelska/English ______Examensarbete ______Licentiatavhandling ______Övrig rapport Supervisor: Magnus Berg URL för elektronisk version http://www.ep.liu.se Titel Title Basic Income Grant Towards Poverty Alleviation in Namibia A discourse analysis of conceptions of poverty and poverty alleviation within the BIG Coalition Sammanfattning Abstract Namibia is one of the most unequal countries in the world and has high rates of poverty. In the thesis the proposal for a basic income grant as a strategy for poverty alleviation in Namibia is analyzed. The study is based on six interviews with the Basic Income Grant Coalition in Namibia and their four publications. The theoretical and methodological framework is Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis and social theory of discourse. Conceptions about the economical and political situation of Namibia in relation to inequality are discussed, as well as the image of the desired citizen in neo-liberal societies. Poverty is conceptualized as a trap where the BIG is regarded as a way out from poverty to a situation of confidence, engagement and economic activity. Contemporary classifications and means testing for social grants are problematized as inefficient and discriminative. The BIG is regarded as right in the context of the big inequalities in Namibia. It is suggested that the BIG Coalition with the proposal for the grant also offers alternative conceptions about Namibia and about the possibilities for change in the situation of poverty. Nyckelord Keywords Poverty, poverty alleviation, poverty reduction, basic income grant, Namibia, critical discourse analysis, citizen Preface During the time of my stay here in Namibia, the country celebrated twenty years of independence. The weeks before the 21st of March was occupied with seminars, lectures and public discussions about the value of this day, or rather, the value of the two decades since independence. I found myself in the middle of a celebration I did not fully get all the dimensions of. The time here in Namibia has however widened my understanding of the importance of the day and of the twenty years there after. It feels like a privilege to be here in Namibia, especially during the time of the celebration when different historical epochs somehow meet and are valuated and reflected upon. I am grateful to a number of people. First of all, I would like to thank the staff at the Desk for Social Development in Windhoek who helped me with so much during my search for informants. Many thanks to all the informants who gave me some of their precious time for the interviews. I would like to thank Magnus Berg, at the University of Linköping, for all the good advices concerning the thesis, as well as the time here in Namibia. But especially, thank you for everything that you have done for the exchange program. Tom Fox, Volker Winterfledt and Lucy Edwards, thank you for the guidance and kind support during the time in Namibia and at the University of Namibia. Kenneth Petersson, at the University of Linköping, I would like to thank you for your advices before the writing of this thesis. The Linnaeus-Palme Grant and Swedbank’s- Sparbanksstiftelsen’s Alfa International Grants, thank you for making this exchange possible. Elise Jansson, I am so grateful for all the good and many conversations we have had about our work with our thesis and our stay in Namibia. Thank you for a wonderful time in Namibia and for everything that we have shared. I’m so glad that we did this, together! Caroline, Joakim and Elise thank you for your friendship, for the good time we have had in the house and on our trips around Namibia. Better housemates do not exist! Family and friends in Sweden and in Namibia, thank you for your friendship and for your support and encouragement. Sofia Littmarck Windhoek, 17th of May 2010 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AVR - Antiretroviral (treatment) BIG - Basic Income Grant CBN - Cost of Basic Needs CCN - Council of Churches Namibia CDA - Critical Discourse Analysis DfSD - Desk for Social Development ELCRN - Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus LAC - Legal Assistance Centre LaRRI - Labour Recourse and Research Institute NamPost - Namibian Post Office NAMTAX - Namibian Tax Consortium NANASO - Namibian Network of AIDS Service Organisations NANGOF (Trust) - Namibian Non-Governmental Forum (Trust) NDP3 - Third National Development Plan NGO - Non-Governmental Organization NUNW - National Union of Namibian Workers NYC - National Youth Council Namibia RPRP- Rural Poverty Reduction Program SIDA - Swedish International Development Authority SVT - Sveriges Television (The Swedish Television) SWAPO - South West African People Organization TB - Tuberculosis UN - United Nations VAT - Value Added Tax WCC - World Council of Churches Table of Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 6
 INTRODUCTION 1
 PURPOSE 1
 DEMARCATIONS AND MATERIAL 2
 DISPOSITION 2
 POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN NAMIBIA – A BACKGROUND 3
 CONTEMPORARY STRATEGIES FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND DEVELOPMENT 5
 VISION 2030 AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 5
 POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAMS 6
 CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL GRANTS AND BENEFITS 6
 BASIC INCOME GRANT COALITION IN NAMIBIA 6
 THE NAMTAX CONSORTIUM’S PROPOSAL FOR A BASIC INCOME GRANT 7
 THE BIG COALITION 7
 THE PILOT PROJECT IN OTJIVERO-OMITARA 9
 THEORETICAL REFLECTIONS AND EARLIER RESEARCH 10
 CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AS A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 10
 THE SUBJECT WITHIN THE GOVERNMENTALITY THEORY 12
 SELF-GOVERNMENT AND EMPOWERMENT 13
 NEO-LIBERALISM AND THE CIVIL SOCIETY 15
 THE IDEA OF A BASIC INCOME GRANT 17
 METHODOLOGY 18
 REFLECTIONS OVER THE MATERIAL AND PROCEDURE 18
 DOING QUALITATIVE INTERVIEWS 18
 THE NATURE OF THE TEXTS 19
 USING CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AS A METHOD 20
 DOING RESEARCH - SOME REFLECTIONS 22 ETHICAL REFLECTIONS 23
 ANALYSIS 24
 A RICH COUNTRY WITH DEEP INEQUALITIES 24
 A COUNTRY THAT CAN AFFORD 25
 PAST AND PRESENT POLITICS 26
 THE ACTIVE (POOR) CITIZEN 28
 POVERTY AS A TRAP AND A VICIOUS CIRCLE 28
 DIGNITY AND CONFIDENCE 30
 EMPOWERMENT 32
 THE ENTREPRENEUR 36
 THE RELATION BETWEEN THE STATE AND THE CITIZENS 37
 BIG AS A CIVIL RIGHT 37
 DEVIATION FROM CONTROL AND CLASSIFICATION 40
 A FINAL DISCUSSION 42
 THE BIG PROPOSAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE IDEA FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION 43
 SUMMARY 46
 REFERENCES 47
 LITERATURE 47
 ACADEMIC ARTICLES 48
 PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS 48
 DOCUMENTS 48
 NEWSPAPERS ARTICLES 49
 INTERNET 49
 EMPIRICAL MATERIAL 50
 INTERVIEWS 50
 TEXTS 50 1 Introduction Very recent, on the 21st of March this year, Namibia celebrated twenty years of independence. These twenty years are often brought up in public discussions and debates as well as in conversations I have had with people here in Namibia about poverty and poverty reduction. Namibia is today a country with very high levels of poverty, yet classified as a middle-income country. The gap between rich and poor is big and Namibia is in fact one of the most unequal counties in the world. Before independence the Namibian people suffered from colonialism and apartheid. If twenty years is a long time or if the country still is in the beginning of creating a state with security for the people, are questions that are asked. Could twenty years “excuse” the high poverty levels or could more have been done for the people during these years? There are different answers to this depending on from which point you look at it. Twenty years is a short time compared to the many years of colonialism and apartheid, which left a lot for the country to deal with. However, the independence did not bring any major changes for the poor and has still not done that up to today. The question about the poverty level is however debated and many civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations are working to find ways to reduce poverty and inequalities and bring about change in the society. In this thesis I focus on the Basic Income Grant (BIG) Coalition in Namibia and their proposal for a basic income grant in the country as a means for reducing poverty and redistribute income. Just a few months before I started with my fieldwork, the BIG Coalition’s pilot project in Otjivero-Omitara was closed. The last report from the project was published about six months earlier, which together with other publications from the coalition, as well as interviews I have done, constitute the material I analyze in this thesis. The Namibian government has heard the proposal, but has not given any signs of actual plans to implement it. The pilot project is however not regarded as the last word said from the coalition who today works on new strategies for the BIG to be implemented for all Namibia’s two million citizens. The idea of a basic income grant for all citizens without any demands of counter-claims is in many countries of the world controversial, as well as in Namibia. The ideas that build up this proposal are therefore particularly interesting to study and are also a focal point in my analysis. Purpose My purpose is to study how the Basic Income Grant Coalition speaks about their proposal and project for a basic income in Namibia with a focus on how they conceptualize, relate to, reject or try to transform structures, discourses and ideas about poor, poverty and poverty alleviation in Namibia, and further, how this can be related to structures in the Namibian society. Questions relating to this purpose are: - How is the situation of poverty and poverty alleviation in Namibia described related to the BIG proposal? - How are poor and their situation of poverty conceptualized with a relation to the BIG proposal? – What ideas about the relation between the citizens and the society are expressed in relation to poverty alleviation and the BIG proposal? 2 - How can the proposal for a basic income be related to structures and social processes in the Namibian society? Demarcations and Material I have with my purpose delimited the areas that I include in my thesis. I focus on the language and the ideas behind the proposal, what ideas that make it possible, how it is argued for, and how that can be related to the Namibian society. I will not make an evaluation of the BIG proposal or study how it could be implemented in Namibia, nor will I present all the results the BIG Coalition has found from the pilot project. I instead focus on some dimensions that I have seen have an important role in the material. I will also relate them to social structures and processes in the Namibian society through integrating theories about contemporary societies. Even the material as such delimits the area I study to the coalition’s views and to the texts that the coalition has produced itself. The material I use in this thesis are the four texts the BIG Coalition has published at their website. It is one resource book from 2005, one presentation for the UN in 2007, and two reports from the pilot project written in 2008 and 2009. I have also done six interviews with seven representatives from the different organizations within the coalition. I will further describe the procedure of my interviews and the nature of the texts below in the method section. Disposition In order to answer the purpose, I will begin with a background to the situation of poverty and inequality in Namibia and to the contemporary poverty reduction strategies in the chapter Poverty and Inequality in Namibia – A Background. In the following chapter Basic Income Grant Coalition in Namibia, I give a background to the BIG Coalition and its pilot project. The third chapter, Theoretician Reflections and Earlier Research deals with my theoretical framework, which is the critical discourse analysis (CDA). In that chapter I discuss my use of the theory of governmentality for an understanding of how the subject is conceptualized in the contemporary neo-liberal societies. I also discuss the situation of civil society in the neo-liberal context and end the chapter with a short presentation of the general idea of a basic income grant. The final chapter before the analysis is Methodology where I discuss my approach regarding my material and procedure in collecting the material. I also go deeper into how I have used CDA in my analysis of the material. I end the chapter with reflections over my role as a researcher, with a focus on the situation of being a Swedish student studying the Namibian society, and last my ethical approach. The Analysis begins with the section “A Rich Country With Deep Inequalities” where I discuss how the coalition describes the situation of, and politics around, poverty and inequality in Namibia today and how it opens up for change in the material. In the second section, “The Active (Poor) Citizen”, I discuss how the coalition describes the poor and the situation of poverty related to the impacts of the BIG. I also relate this discussion to the image of the desirable citizen in contemporary neo-liberal societies. In “The Relation Between the State and the Citizens”, I discuss how the BIG Coalition discusses the relation between the state and the