BASIC ILLUSTRATED Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms BASIC ILLUSTRATED Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms Jim Meuninck FALCONGGUUIIDDEESS® An imprint of Rowman & Littlefield Falcon, FalconGuides, and Outfit Your Mind are registered trademarks of Rowman & Littlefield. Distributed by NATIONAL BOOK NETWORK Copyright © 2015 by Rowman & Littlefield Photos by Jim Meuninck unless otherwise noted. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Information available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available ISBN 978-1-4930-0803-2 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-4930-1468-2 (e-book) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. The author and Rowman & Littlefield assume no liability for accidents happening to, or injuries sustained by, readers who engage in the activities described in this book. This book is a work of reference and is not intended to supply medical advice to any particular individual. Readers should always consult their personal physicians for medical advice and treatment. The authors, editors, and publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to confirm the accuracy and completeness of the information presented herein and that the information is in accordance with the standard practices accepted at the time of publication. However, neither the authors, editors, and publisher, nor any other party involved in the creation and publication of this work warrant that the information is in every respect accurate and complete, and they are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from the application of the information in this book. In light of ongoing research and changes in clinical experience and in governmental regulations, readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with additional sources, in particular as it pertains to drug dosage and usage. This book does not purport to be a complete presentation of all poisonous plants, and the genera, species, and cultivars discussed or pictured herein are but a small fraction of the plants known to have caused poisonings to humans and animals that might be found in the wild, in an urban or suburban landscape, or in a home. Given the global movement of plants, we would expect continual introduction of species having toxic properties to the regions discussed in this book. We have made every attempt to be botanically accurate, but regional variations in plant names, growing conditions, and availability may affect the accuracy of the information provided. A positive identification of an individual plant is most likely when a freshly collected part of the plant containing leaves and flowers or fruits is presented to a knowledgeable botanist or horticulturist. Poison Control Centers generally have relationships with the botanical community should the need for plant identification arise. Medicine is an ever-changing science and subject to interpretation. We have attempted to provide accurate medical descriptions of clinical management strategies, but there is no substitute for direct interaction with an expert clinician for assisting in patient care as well as a trained botanist or horticulturist for plant identification. In cases of exposure or ingestion, contact a Poison Control Center (800-222-1222), a medical toxicologist, another appropriate health-care provider, or an appropriate reference resource. Contents Introduction, viii How To Use This Guide, x Organizing the Fungisphere, xiv Chapter One: Morels and Inedible False Morels, 1 Chapter Two: Puffballs, 5 Chapter Three: Polypores, 9 Chapter Four: Boletes, 29 Chapter Five: Tooth Fungi, 33 Chapter Six: Cup Fungi, 39 Chapter Seven: Jelly Fungi, 41 Chapter Eight: Chanterelles, 45 Chapter Nine: Coral Fungi, 51 Chapter Ten: Gilled Mushrooms, 53 Chapter Eleven: From the Market, 69 Chapter Twelve: Inedible, Toxic, and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms, 73 Appendix A: Health Prep, 83 Appendix B: Foreign and Domestic Mycology Websites and Organizations, 85 Appendix C: Grow Your Own, 86 Appendix D: Recommended Books, 88 Appendix E: Bibliography, 90 Index, 96 About the Author, 98 Introduction Here is a valuable field guide for foragers, homemakers, health practitioners, nutritionists, and chefs. The author is a plant guy, biologist, and counselor, who for many years suffered from “Anglomycoparanoia”—a profound fear of fungi. Then, in 2006, he discovered the cure, took up the challenge, and hit the books, searched the web, tramped fields and forests, and one by one added edible and medicinal mushrooms to his diet. This satisfying intellectual odys- sey tugged him across the continent, deep into forests and high into moun- tains, searching for what appeared to be an endless supply of foodstuffs with health-protecting chemistry. Consider the numbers: A million plus species of fungi inhabit the earth with only one-quarter identified—of that staggering number, 30 species are widely accepted as food. With so few found and so few used, the good news overwhelms. Mushrooms are therapeutic and nutri- tious. They are rich in minerals, low in fat, high in protein, and low in calories. They help prevent disease and are anti-inflammatory. Many mushrooms have antibiotic chemistry and stimulate the immune system. As food, they facilitate wound healing and may provide protection from cancer. One Japanese epide- miological survey over a period of 14 years revealed that cancer rates among workers at research mushroom farms in Japan were 1 in 1,000 compared to 1 in 600 for the general population. A preponderance of evidence documented in this field guide suggests that adding mushrooms to a broad-based, holistic diet provides nutritional benefits with a health-protecting boost. Given all this, let’s open our minds and present to our palates these creatures that make life possible. Read and discover what I, a converted mycophile, have learned from the journey—a mushroom odyssey with no end in sight. The Third Kingdom Ten minutes into my first mycology class, the instructor said, “Mushrooms are primarily toilets for the larger creature residing below.” He also said, “They are all edible, but many are poisonous.” Funny guy! Perhaps all mycologists tilt their humor precariously. I prefer calling mushrooms “fruiting bodies”—the integral reproductive organs of a fungus. They produce and disperse spores, thereby guaranteeing the success of the species. Mushroom mycelium and incorporated hyphae perform the essential task of decomposing organic mat- ter into its elemental forms, enriching the earth and clearing away insuffer- able debris. vIII Fungi play other roles, too. They are parasites attacking and killing target plants and animals. Numerous mushrooms are mycorrhizal, living in a symbi- otic and mutually beneficial relationship with an organism, specifically plant roots. They provide nitrogen, phosphorus, and increased moisture to the plant or tree, and the roots provide life-supporting carbon to the fungus. Knowing these associations and relationships will help you find mushrooms. Two groups of saprophytic (plant-decaying) mushrooms, called brown rot and white rot fungi, have the ability to digest lignin (brown rot) or cel- lulose (white rot), the two primary components of wood. Brown rot fungi (70 percent of which are polypores such as agarikon and the artist’s conk) release enzymes that digest whitish cellulose and leave behind brownish lignin. The more numerous white rot fungi—the oyster mushroom, for example—digest lignin and leave behind cellulose. With their ability to digest and concentrate complex compounds, mushrooms are used to clean toxic-waste sites, restor- ing them to uncontaminated, safe areas. For more on mycoremediation and mycorestoration see Paul Stamets’s seminal book Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World. So mushrooms are fruiting bodies; a few are edible, and others are poi- sonous. They are integral to a healthy ecosystem and essential to life. They provide health-protecting chemistry. And hundreds of thousands are undis- covered, their miracles unknown. INTRODUCTION Ix