BLBK425-fm June19,2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm CharCount= Basic Guide to Anatomy and Physiology for Dental Care Professionals i BLBK425-fm June19,2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm CharCount= For Mum and Dad, Penny and Ian, and Tony and Margaret – love always. ii BLBK425-fm June19,2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm CharCount= BASIC GUIDE TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR DENTAL CARE PROFESSIONALS Carole Hollins DentalSurgeonandTrainingCourseFacilitator,Stoke-on-Trent,UK Chairman,NEBDN,Fleetwood,UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication iii BLBK425-fm June19,2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm CharCount= Thiseditionfirstpublished2012 ©2012byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobal Scientific,TechnicalandMedicalbusinesswithBlackwellPublishing. Registeredoffice: JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex, PO198SQ,UK Editorialoffices: 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK 2121StateAvenue,Ames,Iowa50014-8300,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowto applyforpermissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteat www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. Therightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordance withtheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthe priorpermissionofthepublisher. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.All brandnamesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksor registeredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithany productorvendormentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateand authoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstanding thatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorother expertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Hollins,Carole. Basicguidetoanatomyandphysiologyfordentalcareprofessionals/CaroleHollins. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-65611-2(pbk.:alk.paper) I.Title. [DNLM:1.Anatomy.2.PhysiologicalPhenomena.3.StomatognathicSystem–anatomy& histology.QS4] 612–dc23 2012011413 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsin printmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. Coverimage:courtesyofCaroleHollins CoverdesignbyWorkhaus (cid:2) Setin10/12.5ptSabonbyAptaraR Inc.,NewDelhi,India 1 2012 iv BLBK425-fm June19,2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm CharCount= Contents Howtousethisbook ix 1 Basicbiology–overview 1 Definitions 1 Cellbiology 1 Basictissues 3 Organsandsystems 11 Diseaseprocesses 12 Immunity 15 Anatomicalnomenclature 17 2 Cardiovascularsystem 20 Theheart–grossanatomy 20 Theheart–microscopicanatomy 23 Thecardiaccycle 23 Bloodvessels–functions 25 Bloodvessels–microscopicanatomy 25 Blood–compositionandfunctions 29 CVSmedicalconditions 34 Bloodcelldisorders 36 CVSmedications 37 3 Respiratorysystem 40 Thethoraciccavity–grossanatomy 40 Therespiratorysystem–grossanatomy 42 Upperrespiratorytract–microscopicanatomy 43 Lowerrespiratorytract–microscopicanatomy 44 Alveoli–microscopicanatomy 44 Gaseousexchangemechanism 45 Breathingmechanism 47 Respiratorymedicalconditions 49 Respiratorymedications 51 4 Digestivesystem 53 Thepharynx–grossanatomy 53 Thestomach–grossanatomy 57 Thestomach–microscopicanatomy 57 v BLBK425-fm June19,2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm CharCount= vi Contents Vomiting 60 Thesmallintestines–grossanatomy 60 Thesmallintestines–microscopicanatomy 60 Thelargeintestines–grossanatomy 61 Thelargeintestines–microscopicanatomy 63 Accessorydigestiveorgans 63 Gastrointestinalmedicalconditions 68 Gastrointestinalmedications 73 5 Nervoussystem 75 Typesofnerves 75 Thebrainandspinalcord–grossanatomy 76 Thebrain–microscopicanatomy 79 Informationtransmissionbynerves 80 Nervoussystemmedicalconditions 84 Nervoussystemmedications 86 6 Oralembryologyandhistology 88 Definitions 88 Overviewofgeneralembryodevelopment 88 Oralembryology–overview 92 Developmentaldisturbancesaffecting Lipandpalate 98 Developmentaldisturbancesaffectingteeth 99 Oralhistology–oralmucosa 103 Histologyofthetastebudsandtastesensation 105 7 Skullandoralanatomy 107 Skullanatomy–overview 107 Anatomyofthecranium 107 Anatomyoftheface 111 Oralanatomy 112 Muscles 123 Nervesupplytotheoralcavity 130 Bloodsupplytotheheadandneckregion 138 8 Toothanatomy 142 Thetooth–grossanatomy 142 Thetooth–microscopicanatomyandhistology 143 Dentalanatomicalnomenclature 148 Toothmorphologyandfunction 149 9 Periodontalanatomy 158 Cementum–histology 158 Periodontalligament–histology 159 Alveolarbone–histology 161 BLBK425-fm June19,2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm CharCount= Contents vii Gingivae–histology 163 Junctionaltissues–histology 163 Periodontiumanddisease 165 10 Salivaryglands 167 Majorsalivaryglands–grossanatomy 167 Majorsalivaryglands–microscopicanatomy 168 Functionsofsaliva 170 Disordersofthesalivaryglands 170 Index 175 BLBK425-bm June6,2012 17:55 Trim: 234mm×153mm CharCount= How to use this book Thisbookisoneofthe‘BasicGuide’seriespublishedbyWiley-Blackwell. ‘DentalCareProfessional’(DCP)isthetitlegiventoallmembersoftheoral healthcareteambesidesthedentist,whoareinvolvedinsomewayinthecare and/ortreatmentofthepatient.Thetitleincludesallofthefollowing: • Dentalnurses,includingthosewithextendedduties • Dentalhygienists • Dentaltherapists • Clinicaldentaltechnicians Eachcategoryofregisterablemembershasaspecificroletoplayinassisting the patient to achieve and maintain a good standard of oral health. Without exception, however, they all need to have an adequate level of knowledge and understanding in the key areas of anatomy and physiology, in relation to dentistryanddentaltreatment,tobeabletocarryoutthatrole. Thisbookhasbeenwrittenwiththeaimofgivingthatunderpinningknowl- edge to the readership, whether they are clinical dental technicians providing asetoffulldenturestothepatientwithoutprescriptionfromthedentist,ora dentalnurseassistingthedentistatthechairside. Thedepthofknowledgerequiredtobeunderstoodineachchapterwillvary between the DCP groups, in line with their specific curricular requirements, andallreadersareadvisedtoensurethattheyfollowthetextinlinewiththose requirements.However,itishopedthatthetextiswritteninsuchawayasto generateathirstforfurtherknowledgeamongatleastsomeofthereadership. Thebasicsofbiologyarecoveredinthefirstchapter,alongwithinformation ondiseaseprocessesandanatomicalnomenclature.Thefourmainbodysystems arethencoveredinthefollowingchapters,includingdentallyrelevantmedical conditionsofthosesystems,alongwithinformationonthetypesofmedication that sufferers are likely to be prescribed. It is hoped that the inclusion of this informationwillenablereaderstobetterunderstandthesignificanceofvarious medicalconditionsandmedicationsthatpatientsoftenrecordintheirmedical histories. Before moving on to the chapters covering the specialised areas of the oral cavitythatareofmajorinteresttoDCPs,achapterisincludedthatcoversthe basics of oral embryology – this is to help the readers in their understanding not only of the early development of the relevant oral structures, but also to ix BLBK425-bm June6,2012 17:55 Trim: 234mm×153mm CharCount= x Howtousethisbook give an insight into how some dental conditions develop. Again, the depth of knowledgeofinteresttoeachgroupwillvarythroughoutthetext. The final chapters cover the anatomy of the skull, and the structure and function of teeth, the periodontium and the salivary glands. The information provided should enable the readers to better understand the fine workings of theseoralstructures,andthediseaseprocessesthatcanaffectthem. Overall,itishopedthatthetextcontentprovidesthereaderwithagreater understanding of the workings of the human body in relation to oral and general health, as well as oral and general disease. The diagrams used are colouredforclarity,sothatstructurescanbemoreeasilyvisualised. BLBK425-c01 June9,2012 12:9 Trim: 234mm×153mm CharCount= Chapter 1 Basic biology – overview Itisveryimportantforalldentalcareprofessionals(DCPs)tohaveagoodun- derpinningknowledgeofthenormalstructureandfunctionofthehumanbody, andespeciallyoftheirspecialisedarea–theoralcavityanditssurroundings. Thisknowledgeisessentialwhentryingtounderstandthesubjectsofhuman health, the processes involved in the onset of human disease and the methods availabletopreventdiseaseortotreatitwhenalreadypresent. DEFINITIONS Thescientificdisciplinethatdealswiththelifeprocessesoflivingorganismsis calledbiology,andthespecificareaforthistextishumanbiology. Theparticularstudyofthestructuresofthehumanbodyandtheirrelation- shipstooneanotheriscalledhumananatomy,andthestudyofhowthebody actuallyfunctionsiscalledhumanphysiology. The subject of anatomy covers not only the gross structure of the human body – muscles, bones, organs, and so on – but also the equally important microscopic structures of the cells and tissues themselves that make up these grossstructures. Thestudyofthemicroscopicstructureandfunctionofcells,andthetissues thattheyform,iscalledhistology. CELL BIOLOGY Thestructuresandfunctionsofthehumanbodyasalivingorganismworkin asimilarwaytothoseofacomplicatedmachinethatfollowsthelawsofboth chemistryandphysicsforitsoperation. Atthemostbasiclevel,allthestructuresofthebodyaremadeupofatoms arranged in specific ways that identify them as chemical elements, such as BasicGuidetoAnatomyandPhysiologyforDentalCareProfessionals,FirstEdition.CaroleHollins. (cid:2)C 2012JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.Published2012byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. 1