URBAN AND LANDSCAPE PERSPECTIVES Hiroyuki Shimizu · Akito Murayama (Eds.) Basic and Clinical Environmental Approaches in Landscape Planning Urban and Landscape Perspectives Volume 17 Series Editor Giovanni Maciocco Editorial Board Abdul Khakee, Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå University Norman Krumholz, Levin College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University, Ohio Ali Madanipour, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University Frederick Steiner, School of Architecture, University of Texas, Austin Erik Swyngedouw, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester Rui Yang, School of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Tsinghua University, Peking For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7906 Editorial Committee Paola Pittaluga Silvia Serreli Project Assistants Monica Johansson Laura Lutzoni Aims and Scope Urban and Landscape Perspectives is a series which aims at nurturing theoretic refl ection on the city and the territory and working out and applying methods and techniques for improving our physical and social landscapes. The main issue in the series is developed around the projectual dimension, with the objective of visualising both the city and the territory from a particular viewpoint, which singles out the territorial dimension as the city’s space of communication and negotiation. The series will face emerging problems that characterise the dynamics of city development, like the new, fresh relations between urban societies and physical space, the right to the city, urban equity, the project for the physical city as a means to reveal civitas, signs of new social cohesiveness, the sense of contemporary public space and the sustainability of urban development. Concerned with advancing theories on the city, the series resolves to welcome articles that feature a pluralism of disciplinary contributions studying formal and informal practices on the project for the city and seeking conceptual and operative categories capable of understanding and facing the problems inherent in the profound transformations of contemporary urban landscapes. Hiroyuki Shimizu (cid:129) Akito Murayama Editors Basic and Clinical Environmental Approaches in Landscape Planning Editors Hiroyuki Shimizu Akito Murayama Graduate School of Environmental Studies Graduate School of Environmental Studies Nagoya University Nagoya University Nagoya , Japan Nagoya , Japan ISBN 978-4-431-54414-2 ISBN 978-4-431-54415-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-54415-9 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013957071 © Springer Japan 2014 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. W hile the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Cover image: Photo by Hiroyuki Shimizu Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface: Attaining Sustainabili ty Through Landscape Planning About This Book Our societies need to solve diffi cult issues to attain sustainability. The main chal- lenges include, among others, global warming, demographic change, the energy crisis, and loss of biodiversity. In tackling these issues, a holistic understanding of our living space is important. The fi eld of landscape planning and design is at the core of the holistic concept, and it has provided several contributions to achieving sustainability. First, landscape planning and design connects different spatial scales: from site to region, and to the planet. Second, it focuses on close interrelationships between human activities and nature. Third, it is concerned with people’s values regarding their surroundings. This book is edited based on the presentations made by German and Japanese scholars in the international symposium “New Trend of Landscape Design: Seamless Connection of Landscape Planning and Design from Regional to Site Scales—The Cultural Context” held on November 5, 2012, at the Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University. One of the sponsors of the sympo- sium was the Nagoya University Global Center for Excellence Program “From Earth System Science to Basic and Clinical Environmental Studies,” an educational and research program that focuses on a clinical environmental approach associated with diagnosis and treatment of actual fi elds. From Earth System Science to Basic and Clinical Environmental Studies Nagoya University, Japan, has been running the Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program “From Earth System Science to Basic and Clinical Environmental Studies” funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and v vi Preface: Attaining Sustainability Through Landscape Planning Technology from FY2009 (Nagoya University Global Center for Excellence Program 2 013 ). The program is bringing together different disciplines to create an innovative approach to environmental studies. Disciplines such as science are con- sidered to be “diagnostic,” in other words, dealing with understanding how the earth–life system interacts with human society. Disciplines such as engineering and agricultural studies are considered to be “treatment-based,” meaning that they are concerned with providing technological or regulatory solutions to environmental problems. These disciplines can be reorganized as clinical environmental studies and basic environmental studies. Our global environment and the diverse earth–life systems contained within it undergo many changes. One approach to these diverse issues is to imagine them to be the equivalent of pathological changes in the human body. This comparison makes it easy to appreciate how the role of environmental studies is very similar to medical science as it confronts disease. E nvironmental studies have been split into two distinct fi elds. One is the diagnostic-t ype environmental studies, which analyzes the structure of the earth– life interactive system and the relationship between that system and human society. Examples of this type of discipline include earth sciences, ecology, and geography. The other is the treatment-type environmental studies, which seeks to develop tech- nological or systematic solutions specifi cally designed to deal with—and heal— environmental issues. Disciplines that fall into this category include engineering, agricultural studies, and social studies. The polarization of these two types has resulted in a lack of systematic measures for environmental studies to develop as clinical medicine has. The GCOE program aims to bring the two isolated fi elds together, allowing us to develop a comprehensive “healthcare program” able to deal with ever increasing environmental problems. Our GCOE program looks both inside and outside of Japan, covering diverse topics from the diagnosis of illnesses that threaten the sustainability of the relation- ship between human society and the natural world, to the appropriate prevention and treatment of those illnesses, to the accurate prediction and avoidance of any side effects of treatment. These are systemized into clinical environmental studies. In addition, basic environmental studies are developed to consider pathologies that threaten to erode the sustainability between human society and the earth–life sys- tem. It sets in order the effi cacy and inherent problems of existing technical and systematic approaches, and comes up with viable alternative universal and global perspectives. Clinical environmental studies and basic environmental studies are like two wheels of one cart. They need to move in tandem for us to reach the solu- tions to environmental issues. They are the two essential elements that integrate the various existing fi elds of environmental studies. By ensuring that researchers from different disciplines are working on problems at the same location, the program aims to realize the successful integration of envi- ronmental studies. Three specifi c locations are designated in the program: the Ise Bay Bioregion, Northeast and East Asia (China), and Southeast and South Asia (Laos). Within the Ise Bay Bioregion clinical environmental studies, a small research group led by the authors is pursuing the possibilities of spatially integrating the Preface: Attaining Sustainability Through Landscape Planning vii different disciplines of environmental studies through the innovation of landscape planning and design ranging from regional to site scales. Contents of This Book This book is divided into four parts: landscape perception, planning and gover- nance, case studies, and conclusion. Part I contains two chapters on landscape perception. Professor Diedrich Bruns fi rst defi nes cultural landscape as “what people give value to in their surroundings” and discusses how people perceive landscape. Lecturer Hirofumi Ueda then explains the differences in landscape perception in Japan and Germany that result from the fundamental difference in the ways of seeing the landscape through a cultural framework. Part II contains two chapters on planning and governance in the Japanese con- text. Professor Mikiko Ishikawa shows the new trend of landscape planning and design in Japan through various cases she is involved in, including the megacity Tokyo, local cities, and tsunami-damaged areas in Tohoku. Associate Professor Hisako Koura suggests the possibility of utilizing the planning system based on the Landscape Act established in 2004 as a tool to manage developments in Japanese cities. Part III contains four chapters on case studies in the Ise Bay Bioregion. Professor Hiroyuki Shimizu presents the results of questionnaires regarding landscape per- ception of residents in Nyu Village, Matsusaka City. Associate Professor Takashi Tashiro shows how to recognize the landscape sequence of the entire Kushida River through the analysis of geological distribution. Associate Professor Hiromi Yamashita studies in detail how wetlands and tidal fl ats are perceived by people who have not had direct contact with them in general. Associate Professor Hirokazu Kato proposes the unique concept of making a mandala of landscape issues to show the interconnected landscape elements. Part IV summarizes the outputs of the international symposium “New Trend of Landscape Design: Seamless Connection of Landscape Planning and Design from Regional to Site Scales—The Cultural Context” held on November 5, 2012. Nagoya , Japan Hiroyuki Shimizu Akito Murayama Reference N agoya University Global Center for Excellence Program (2013) From Earth System Science to Basic and Clinical Environmental Studies. Web Site. http://w3serv.nagoya-u.ac.jp/envgcoe/ index.php/eng Contents Part I Landscape Perception 1 Cultural Landscape: All That People Give Value to in Their Surroundings .......................................................................... 3 Diedrich Bruns 2 Landscape Perception in Japan and Germany ...................................... 15 Hirofumi Ueda Part II Planning and Governance 3 New Trend of Landscape Planning and Design in Japan ...................... 27 Mikiko Ishikawa 4 Strategic Practice of Landscape Plan for Development Management with Local Governance in Japan ...................................... 57 Hisako Koura Part III Case Studies 5 Landscape Perception of Residents in the Nyu Village, Kushida-River—Including Proposal of a Satochi-Satoyama Connecting Zone ....................................................................................... 73 Hiroyuki Shimizu and Chiaki Nakatsuji 6 Landscape Sequence and Fluvial Ecosystem of the Kushida River with Particular reference to Its Basin Geologic Heterogeneity ............................................................................. 99 Takashi Tashiro ix