Copyright © 2008 by the University of Texas at Arlington Manufactured in the United States of America All rights reserved First edition This paper meets the requirements of ansi/niso z39.48– 1992 (Permanence of Paper). Binding materials have been chosen for durability. o Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Baseball in America and America in baseball / edited by Donald G. Kyle and Robert B. Fairbanks ; introd. by Richard Crepeau ; with contributions by Benjamin G. Rader . . . [et al.]. — 1st ed. p. cm. — (The Walter Prescott Webb memorial lectures ; no 38) isbn-13: 978-1-60344-023-3 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-10: 1-60344-023-2 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Baseball—United States—History. 2. Baseball— United States—Miscellanea. I. Kyle, Donald G. II. Fairbanks, Robert B. (Robert Bruce), 1950– III. Rader, Benjamin G. gv863.a1b387 2008 796.35770973—dc22 2007037685 CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction 1 Richard Crepeau “Our Players Are Mostly Farmers”: Baseball in Rural California, 1850 to 1890 8 David Vaught “Invisible Baseball”: Japanese Americans and Their Game in the 1930s 32 Samuel O. Regalado Chasing Shadows: The Baltimore Black Sox and the Perils of History 52 Daniel A. Nathan The Pro>ts of Major League Baseball, 1900 to 1956 88 Steven A. Riess Mapping an Empire of Baseball: American Visions of National Pastimes and Global In?uence, 1919 to 1941 143 Mark Dyreson “Matters Involving Honor”: Region, Race, and Rank in the Violent Life of Tyrus Raymond Cobb 189 Benjamin G. Rader About the Contributors 223 PREFACE The annual Walter Prescott Webb Lecture Series, held on March 9, 2006, focused on the theme of “Baseball in America and America in Baseball.” The theme is especially relevant for a university in a city home to a professional baseball team and its stadium, and the series coincided with >rst World Base- ball Classic and spring training of Major League baseball. The intention of the series was to invite noted historians of American sport to investigate the historical development of baseball in America and explain the rich symbolism of baseball for the players, spectators, and Amer- ica. From rustic sandlots to monumental stadiums, from Little League to the World Series, baseball has long been an institution in American culture and society, but what does baseball mean in American history, and what is American about the game? Why are millions of fans, rich and poor, urban and rural, male and female, devoted to a game that is always long on strategy and sometimes short on action? How did baseball emerge historically from an archaic children’s game to become a pervasive national symbol and a vast commercial enterprise? What is the signi>cance of baseball in the history of leisure, business, labor, immigration, race, and urbanization in America? Although Professor Webb became famous as a historian of the frontier, and early volumes re?ected his orientation, recent volumes have been inno- vative in approaches and themes. After our announcement of baseball as a theme, a retired faculty member who studied with Webb informed us that Webb also was a knowledgeable baseball enthusiast, and so the lecture series in his honor has come full circle. The co-editors, whose research concentrates on ancient sport and urban history, do not profess to be experts in the history of baseball, but we invited four of the very best baseball authorities to present papers and contribute essays to the series: Benjamin G. Rader, James L. Sellers Professor of History at the University of Nebraska- Lincoln, who gave the keynote; Steven A. Riess, Bernard J. Brommel Distinguished Research Professor at Northeastern Illi- nois University; Samuel O. Regalado, California State University, Stanislaus; and Daniel A. Nathan, Skidmore College. We applaud these experts for their scholarship, their lively and impressive presentations, and their collegial interaction with the large and engaged audiences in attendance. It is worthy of note that these >ne scholars have all also made essential contributions to the growth and success of the North American Society for Sport History and to the maturation of the >eld of sport history. This volume also includes the essays of the co-winners of the annual Webb- Smith Essay Competition: Mark Dyreson of Penn State University, and David Vaught of Texas A&M Univer- sity. Chosen from an unusually large number of excellent submissions, their essays complement the lectures and expand the volume. We recognize Dr. Richard Crepeau, University of Central Florida, himself an expert on baseball and American sport, for introducing Dr. Rader as our keynote speaker, and for contributing an insightful and articulate introduc- tion to the volume. We thank Dr. Stephen Maizlish, from the Department of History at UT Arlington, for presenting Dr. Regalado’s paper when he was unable to attend due to an emergency. Our thanks also go to Carol Lehman of University Publications for her assistance with publicity materials, and Susan Sterling and her sta= for their attention to a myriad of details involved in the lecture series and this publication. We also greatly appreciate the assis- tance of the publication team at Texas A&M University Press. Finally, we recognize Dr. Joyce Goldberg, Chair of the Webb Lecture Committee, for her careful planning and coordination of the academic and social events. (cid:2) This volume is dedicated to the memory of Clay Gould (1971– 2001), an inspirational baseball player and coach who became the University of Texas at Arlington’s fourth baseball coach in 1999 at the young age of 27. He grew up in Arlington, Texas, and was an All- State third baseman for Arlington High School. He played baseball at UT Arlington and went to the NCAA tourna- ment twice in his four years. The Southland Conference named him its 1993 player of the year and he was nominated for the prestigious USA Baseball’s Golden Spikes award. After graduating he played professional ball for two years for the Tyler Wildcatters in the Texas- Louisiana League. He started his coaching career in 1994 as a volunteer assistant coach at UT Arlington, and he became a full- time assistant coach following the 1996 season and then head coach three years later. From the beginning he focused on making the university’s baseball program one of the best in the nation. He out- recruited perennial baseball powers Mississippi State and Oklahoma in his >rst year. The next year his team won the Southland Conference Championship and claimed their >rst- ever NCAA tournament victory with a dramatic 7– 6 win over the University of Houston. Midway during his >rst year as head baseball coach, Clay underwent sur- gery for cancer. Despite this, he missed only three weeks of the 2000 sea- son. Although doctors were optimistic about his recovery, he had a relapse viii preface the following year and exploratory surgery that May found that the cancer was spreading rapidly. He died on June 23, 2001, leaving behind Julie, his wife of 19 months, and a 10-month- old daughter, Logan Soul. UT Arlington and base- ball lost a great coach and a very decent human being. Donald G. Kyle Robert B. Fairbanks preface ix