Banana Systems in the Humid Highlands of Sub-Saharan Africa Enhancing Resilience and Productivity This page intentionally left blank Banana Systems in the Humid Highlands of Sub-Saharan Africa Enhancing Resilience and Productivity Edited by Guy Blomme Bioversity International, Uganda Piet van Asten International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Uganda and Bernard Vanlauwe International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kenya CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Banana systems in the humid highlands of Sub-Saharan Africa enhancing resilience and productivity / edited by Guy Blomme, Piet van Asten and Bernard Vanlauwe. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-78064-231-4 (alk. paper) 1. Bananas--Africa, Sub-Saharan. 2. Plantain banana--Africa, Sub-Saharan. I. Blomme, G. II. Asten, Piet van, 1972- III. Vanlauwe, B. (Bernard) SB379.B2B3493 2013 634'.7720967--dc23 2013016574 ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 231 4 Commissioning editor: Claire Parfitt Editorial assistants: Emma McCann and Alexandra Lainsbury Production editor: Shankari Wilford Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY The book evolved from an international conference that was organized by the Consortium for Improving Agriculture-based Livelihoods in Central Africa (CIALCA) and was held in Kigali, Rwanda, from 24 to 27 October 2011. The conference addressed the challenges and opportunities for agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa. CIALCA is a Consortium of the International Agricultural Research Centers (IARCs) and their national research and development partners that aims at close technical and administra- tive collaboration and planning in areas of common interest, thereby enhancing returns to the investments made by DGD, Belgium and accelerating impact at the farm level. The cover photo of the book was taken by Concretedreams (Sophie Spillemaeckers and Ludovic Schweitzer). CIALCA is coordinated by three CGIAR institutions: Bioversity International, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in collaboration with Belgian Universities and national agricultural research and develop- ment partners. Financial contributions to the conference were made by: Contents Contributors xi Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix PART 1: MUSA GERMPLASM DIVERSITY AND EVALUATION 1 Plantain Collection and Morphological Characterization in Democratic Republic of Congo: Past and Present Activities and Prospects 1 J.G. Adheka, D.B. Dhed’a, C. Sivirihauma, D. Karamura, E. De Langhe, R. Swennen and G. Blomme 2 Musa Germplasm Diversity Status across a Wide Range of Agro-ecological Zones in Rwanda, Burundi and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo 8 W. Ocimati, D. Karamura, A. Rutikanga, C. Sivirihauma, V. Ndungo, J. Adheka, D.B. Dhed’a, H. Muhindo, J. Ntamwira, S. Hakizimana, F. Ngezahayo, P. Ragama, P. Lepoint, J.-P. Kanyaruguru, E. De Langhe, S.V. Gaidashova, A. Nsabimana, C. Murekezi and G. Blomme 3 Banana Genotype Composition along the Uganda–Democratic Republic of Congo Border: A Gene Pool Mix for Plantain and Highland Bananas 22 D. Karamura, W. Ocimati, R. Ssali, W. Jogo, S. Walyawula and E. Karamura 4 Analysis of Farmer-preferred Traits as a Basis for Participatory Improvement of East African Highland Bananas in Uganda 30 A. Barekye, P. Tongoona, J. Derera, M.D. Laing and W.K. Tushemereirwe 5 Agronomic Evaluation of Common and Improved Dessert Banana Cultivars at Different Altitudes across Burundi 37 M. Kamira, R.J. Crichton, J.-P. Kanyaruguru, P.J.A. van Asten, G. Blomme, J. Lorenzen, E. Njukwe, I. Van den Bergh, E. Ouma and P. Muchunguzi vii viii Contents 6 Growth and Yield of Plantain Cultivars at Four Sites of Differing Altitude in North Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo 48 I. Sikyolo, C. Sivirihauma, V. Ndungo, E. De Langhe, W. Ocimati and G. Blomme PART 2: NOVEL SEED SYSTEMS 7 Macropropagation of Musa spp. in Burundi: A Preliminary Study 58 P. Lepoint, F. Iradukunda and G. Blomme 8 Challenges and Opportunities for Macropropagation Technology for Musa spp. among Smallholder Farmers and Small- and Medium-scale Enterprises 66 E. Njukwe, E. Ouma, P.J.A. van Asten, P. Muchunguzi and D. Amah 9 Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth of Banana Genotypes in Three Different, Pasteurized and Non-pasteurized Soils of Rwanda 72 S.V. Gaidashova, A. Nsabimana, P.J.A. van Asten, B. Delvaux, A. Elsen and S. Declerck 10 Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Growth of Tissue-cultured Banana Plantlets under Nursery and Field Conditions in Rwanda 83 J.M. Jefwa, E. Rurangwa, S.V. Gaidashova, A.M. Kavoo, M. Mwashasha, J. Robinson, G. Blomme and B. Vanlauwe PART 3: BANANA PESTS AND DISEASES 11 Development of ELISA for the Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum, the Causal Agent of BXW: Banana Xanthomonas Wilt 93 G.V. Nakato, S.A. Akinbade, P. Lava Kumar, R. Bandyopadhyay and F. Beed 12 Systemicity and Speed of Movement of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum in the Banana Plant after Garden Tool-mediated Infection 101 W. Ocimati, F. Ssekiwoko, M. Buttibwa, E. Karamura, W. Tinzaara, S. Eden-Green and G. Blomme 13 Use of DNA Capture Kits to Collect Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum and Banana Bunchy Top Virus Pathogen DNA for Molecular Diagnostics 109 I. Ramathani and F. Beed 14 Banana Xanthomonas Wilt Management: Effectiveness of Selective Mat Uprooting Coupled with Control Options for Preventing Disease Transmission. Case Study in Rwanda and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo 116 A. Rutikanga, C. Sivirihauma, C. Murekezi, U. Anuarite, V. Ndungo, W. Ocimati, J. Ntamwira, P. Lepoint and G. Blomme Contents ix 15 Effect of Length of Fallow Period after Total Uprooting of a Xanthomonas Wilt-infected Banana Field on Infection of Newly Established Planting Materials: Case Studies from Rwanda and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo 125 C. Sivirihauma, A. Rutikanga, C. Murekezi, G. Blomme, U. Anuarite, W. Ocimati, P. Lepoint and V. Ndungo 16 Distribution, Incidence and Farmer Knowledge of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt in Rwanda 131 G. Night, S.V. Gaidashova, A. Nyirigira, Theodomir Mugiraneza, A. Rutikanga, C. Murekezi, A. Nduwayezu, E. Rurangwa, Thierry Mugiraneza, F. Mukase, O. Ndayitegeye, W. Tinzaara, E. Karamura, W. Jogo, I. Rwomushana, F. Opio and D. Gahakwa 17 Xanthomonas Wilt Incidence in Banana Plots Planted with Asymptomatic Suckers from a Diseased Field Compared with Plots Using Suckers from a Disease-free Zone in North Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo 138 C. Sivirihauma, N. Ndungo, W. Ocimati and G. Blomme PART 4: BANANA INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS 18 Coffee/Banana Intercropping as an Opportunity for Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi 144 L. Jassogne, A. Nibasumba, L. Wairegi, P.V. Baret, J. Deraeck, D. Mukasa, I. Wanyama, G. Bongers and P.J.A. van Asten 19 The Use of Trees and Shrubs to Improve Banana Productivity and Production in Central Uganda: An Analysis of the Current Situation 150 S. Mpiira, C. Staver, G.H. Kagezi, J. Wesiga, C. Nakyeyune, G. Ssebulime, J. Kabirizi, K. Nowakunda, E. Karamura and W.K. Tushemereirwe 20 Effect of Banana Leaf Pruning on Legume Yield in Banana–Legume Intercropping Systems in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo 158 J. Ntamwira, P. Pypers, P.J.A. van Asten, B. Vanlauwe, B. Ruhigwa, P. Lepoint and G. Blomme 21 A Comparative and Systems Approach to Banana Cropping Systems in the Great Lakes Region 166 J. Van Damme, D. De Bouver, M. Dupriez, P.J.A. van Asten and P.V. Baret 22 Agronomic Practices for Musa across Different Agro-ecological Zones in Burundi, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda 175 W. Ocimati, D. Karamura, A. Rutikanga, C. Sivirihauma, V. Ndungo, J. Ntamwira, M. Kamira, J.-P. Kanyaruguru and G. Blomme PART 5: BANANA USE, POSTHARVEST AND NUTRITION 23 The Beer Banana Value Chain in Central Uganda 191 A.M. Rietveld, S. Mpiira, W. Jogo, C. Staver and E.B. Karamura 24 Contribution of Bananas and Plantains to the Diet and Nutrition of Musa-dependent Households with Preschoolers in Beni and Bukavu Territories, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo 202 B.N. Ekesa, J. Kimiywe, M. Davey, C. Dhuique-Mayer, I. Van den Bergh and G. Blomme