AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Basic Fundamentals to Advanced Concepts of Automobile Engineering Prabhu TL Nestfame Creations Pvt. Ltd. [Automobile Engineering] Copyright © [2021] Prabhu TL. All rights reserved. Publisher - Nestfame Creations Pvt. Ltd. Publisher Website - www.nestfamecreations.com The contents of this book may not be reproduced, duplicated or transmitted without direct written permission from the Author . Under no circumstances will any legal responsibility or blame be held against the publisher for any reparation, damages, or monetary loss due to the information herein, either directly or indirectly. Author - Prabhu TL Indexer - Akshai Kumar RY Legal Notice: This book is copyright protected. This is only for personal use. You cannot amend, distribute, sell, quote or paraphrase any part or the content within this book without the consent of the author. Disclaimer Notice: Please note the information contained within this document is for educational and entertainment purpose only .every attempt has been made to provide accurate, up to date and reliable complete information. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. Please consult a licensed professional before attempting any techniques outlined in this book . By reading this document, the reader agrees that under no circumstances are is the author responsible for any losses, direct or indirect, which are incurred as a result of the use of information contained within this document, including, but not limited to, __eRrors, omissions, or inaccuracies. PREFACE Automobile or Automotive Engineering has gained recognition and importance ever since motor vehicles capable for transporting passengers has been in vogue. Now due to the rapid growth of auto component manufacturers and automobile industries, there is a great demand for Automobile Engineers. Automobile Engineering alias Automotive Engineering or Vehicle Engineering is one of the most challenging careers in the field of engineering with a wide scope. This branch deals with the designing, developing, manufacturing, testing and repairing and servicing automobiles such as cars, trucks, motorcycles, scooters etc & the related sub Engineering systems. For the perfect blend of manufacturing and designing automobiles, Automobile Engineering uses the features of different elements of Engineering such as mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety engineering. To become a proficient automobile engineer, specialized training is essential and it is a profession, which requires a lot of hard work, dedication, determination and commitment. The major task of an Automobile Engineer is the designing, developing, manufacturing and testing of vehicles from the concept stage to the production stage The automotive industry is one of the largest and most important industries in the world. Cars, buses, and other engine-based vehicles abound in every country on the planet, and it is continually evolving, with electric cars, hybrids, self-driving vehicles, and so on. Technologies that were once thought to be decades away are now on our roads right now. Engineers, technicians, and managers are constantly needed in the industry, and, often, they come from other areas of engineering, such as electrical engineering, process engineering, or chemical engineering. Introductory books like this one are very useful for engineers who are new to the industry and need a tutorial. Also valuable as a textbook for students, this introductory volume not only covers the basics of automotive engineering, but also the latest trends, such as self-driving vehicles, hybrids, and electric cars. Not only useful as an introduction to the science or a textbook, it can also serve as a valuable reference for technicians and engineers alike. The volume also goes into other subjects, such as maintenance and performance. Data has always been used in every company irrespective of its domain to improve the operational efficiency and performance of engines. This work deals with details of various automotive systems with focus on designing various components of these system to suit the working conditions on roads. Whether a textbook for the student, an introduction to the industry for the newly hired engineer, or a reference for the technician or veteran engineer, this volume is the perfect introduction to the science of automotive engineering. TABLE OF CONTENT FUNDAMENTALS 1. What Is Automobile Engineering? 2. Anti-Lock Braking System (abs) 3. Adaptive Cruise Control 4. Crdi (common Rail Direct Injection) 5. Dtsi (digital Twin Spark Ignition System) 6. Electromagnetic Brake 7. Spark Plug 8. Turbocharger 9. Windshield Washer 10. Blink Code In Antilock Braking System(abs) 11. Working Of A Car 12. Layout Of A Car 13. Battery Introduction 14. Advantages Of Using Rechargeable Batteries 15. Are Primary And Rechargeable Batteries Interchangeable Amongst Each Other? 16. The Batteries Work Better In Different Devices 17. Types Of Batteries 18. Battery Principle Of Operation 19. Brake Introduction 20. Types Of Brakes 21. Frictional, Pumping, Electromagnetic Brakes 22. Hydraulic Brake 23. Air Brake System 24. Clutch Introduction 25. Requirements Of A Good Clutch 26. Different Types Of Clutch 27. Fluid Coupling 28. Differential Introduction 29. Advantages & Disadvantages Of Front Wheel Drive 30. Advantages & Disadvantages Of Rear Wheel Drive 31. Advantages & Disadvantages Of All Or 4- Wheel Drive 32. Need Of A Differential 33. Construction And Working Of Differential Assembly 34. Components Of Automobile Engine 35. Engine Problems 36. How To Produce More Engine Power 37. Efficiency Of The Engine 38. Overall Power Loss In Engine 39. Gear Introduction 40. Types Of Gears 41. Terminology Of Spur Gear 42. Use Of Gear Advantage Of Teeth On Gear 43. Gear Ratio 44. How Does A Gear Ratio Affect Speed? 45. How Does Gear Ratio Affects Torque 46. Gear Train 47. Simple & Compound Gear Train 48. Planetary Or Epicyclic Gear Train 49. Reverted Gear Train 50. Mechanical Advantage 51. Suspension System Introduction 52. Principle Of Suspension System 53. Components Of Suspension System 54. Common Problems Of The Suspension System 55. Preventive Measures For Suspension System 56. Comparison Between Macpherson Double Wishbone Suspension Systems 57. Transmission System Introduction 58. Need For A Transmission 59. Types Of Transmission System 60. Manual Transmission 61. Components Of Manual Transmission 62. Working Of Manual Transmission 63. Five-Speed Manual Transmission 64. Double Clutching 65. Synchronized Transmission 66. Automatic Transmission 67. Planetary Gear Sets 68. Clutches & Bands, Torque Converter, Valve Body 69. Comparison Between Manual & Automatic Transmission- 70. Semi-Automatic Transmission 71. Dual Clutch Transmission 72. Sequential Transmission 73. Continuously Variable Transmissions 74. Future Developments In Automotive Transmission Systems 75. Terms Connected With I. C. Engines: 76. Fuel Supply System In Spark Ignition Engine 77. Fuel Supply System In Diesel Engine 78. Carburetor 79. Mpfi 80. Cooling System 81. Air Cooling System 82. Water Cooling System 83. Lubrication 84. Types Of Lubricating Systems 85. Need Of Lubrication System 86. Additives In Lubricating Oil 87. Valve Operating Systems 88. Anti-Friction Bearings 89. Straight-Tooth Spur & Helical Spur Gears 90. Straight-Tooth Bevel, Spiral Bevel & Hypoid Gears 91. Four-Wheel Drive (4wd) And All-Wheel Drive (awd) 92. Steering Mechanisms 93. Wheel Alignment 94. Toe & Caster 95. Effect Of Improper Alignment On Vehicle 96. Vehicle Rollover 97. Hotchkiss Suspensions 98. Disc Brakes 99. Lead-Acid Batteries 100. Nickel-Cadmium (nicd) Batteries 101. Nickel-Metal Hydride (nimh) Batteries 102. Lithium Ion (li-1on)llithium Polymer Batteries 103. Dual Hybrid Systems 104. Tire 105. Lean-Burn Nox-Reducing Catalysts, "denox” 106. Automobile History - Top 10 Interesting Facts 107. Difference Between Turbocharging And Supercharging 108. Why Diesel Cannot Be Used In Petrol Engine? 109. What Is Scavenging? 110. Why Petrol Cannot Be Used In Diesel Engine? 111. Flywheel 112. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 113. Laser Ignition System 114. Technology Of Hydrogen Fuelled Rotary Engine 115. Common Rail Type Fuel Injection System 116. Disi Turbo | Direct Injection Spark Ignition Technology 117. Biotech Materials | Bio-Plastics | Bio-Fabrics 118. Hybrid Synergy Drive (hsd) Technology 119. Ultimate Eco Car Challenge - Development 120. Fuel Cell Technology 121. World’s First Air-Powered Car | Zero Emissions 122. Air Car Is Heading For Mass Production 123. Air-Powered Car Coming To Hit 1000-Mile Range 124. Future Of Car Infotainment Systems 125. Fuel Cell Car | How Fuel Cell Works | Detail Explanation 126. How Fuel Cells Work 127. Kinetic Energy Recovery System | Kers | Formula One (f1) 128. New Battery Technology | Fast Recharge 3d Film Technology 129. Advanced Battery Storage Technology 130. New Powerful Capacitors Nano Composite Processing Technique 131. Rtv Molding | Urethane Casting | Room Temperature Vulcanized 132. Tdi Blue Motion Technologies 133. Turbocharged Stratified Injection (tsi) Engines | Tsi Technology 134. Turbocharged Direct Injection (tdi) Diesel Engines 135. Fuel Cell-Powered Electric Vehicles | Mercedes Benz F- Cell World Drive 136. Driver Assistance Technologies 137. Compressed Air Cars | Air Motion Racing Car 138. Idling Devices Of Automobile | Anti-Dieseling Device 139. Choking Device | Functions Of Choking Device 140. Antilock Or Antiskid Device | Anti-Lock Braking System In Detail 141. Power Steering | Electronic Power Steering 142. Components Of Automatic Transmission System 143. Safety Systems In Vehicles | Seat Belts | Air Bags 144. Engine Speed Governors | Speed Control Governor | Speed Limiters 145. Steering Systems 146. Gorilla Glass Manufacturing Process 147. Gorilla Glass History | Gorilla Glass Scratch | Gorilla Glass Touch Screen 148. Magnetic Bearing Technology 149. Artificial Photosynthesis 150. The Future Of Bicycling Hydration 151. Wireless Battery Charger 152. Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 153. Nvh | Noise Vibration And Harshness 154. Durability Analysis 155. What Is Nvh 156. Nvh Terms | Nvh Terminology -1 157. Nvh Terms | Nvh Terminology - 2 158. Aerogel | World’s Lightest Material 159. Led Light Bulbs | Bonded Fin Heat Sink 160. Nano-Nuclear Batteries | Beta-Voltaic Power 161. Self-Driving Car Technology 162. Electro Chromatic Auto Dimming Mirror 163. Rain Sensors 164. Tandem Wipers | Windshield Wiper Blades 165. Ambient Light Sensor 166. Optoelectronic Materials