Authoritarianism in the Middle East This page intentionally left blank Authoritarianism in the Middle East Before and After the Arab Uprisings Edited by Jülide Karakoç Assistant Professor of Political Science, Gedik University, Istanbul, Turkey Selection, introduction and editorial matter © Jülide Karakoç 2015 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-44554-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-49580-1 ISBN 978-1-137-44555-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137445551 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. To Miraz This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments viii Notes on Contributors ix Introduction 1 Jülide Karakoç 1 The Roots of Authoritarianism in the Middle East 7 Selin M. Bölme 2 Authoritarian Tendencies versus Democratization: Evidence from Turkey 38 Jülide Karakoç 3 The Arab World between 2011 and 2014: From Revolutionary Configurations to the State of Violence 6 7 Hamit Bozarslan 4 A Long Road Ahead for Achieving Fully Fledged Equality: Saudi Women’s Rights Activism 9 2 Fulya Doğruel 5 The Impact of the Arab Uprisings on the Kurds 1 27 Turan Keskin 6 The AKP and Its Family Policy in the Re-establishment Process of Authoritativeness in Turkey 150 Zehra Yılmaz 7 A Comparative Analysis of the Post–Arab Uprisings Period in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya 172 Jülide Karakoç Index 201 vii Acknowledgments I decided to embark on this project one autumn day when the Middle East was once again experiencing hard and complicated times. Although people and countries of the region were having different experiences in their search for dignity and freedom following the Arab uprisings, it seemed as if authoritarianism had not lost its influence. This made the idea of including not only Arab experiences but also Turkish and Kurdish ones in a book on authoritarianism exciting for me. I shared my thoughts on the subject with colleagues who are experts on the specific issues of the region, and they agreed to be a part of this project by contributing chapters to the book. Without their inputs, this project would not have been realized. My greatest thanks, hence, go to the contributors. They have added value and richness to this book through their deep knowledge in their respective areas of expertise. I would like to thank my colleague Aylin Ünver Noi for her encourage- ment and for being a perfect and jolly roommate at the university. I am grateful to my colleague Duygu Ersoy for bringing joy to our office; her presence has lessened my burden. My special thanks to the team at Palgrave Macmillan: Christina M. Brian for her interest in this project, our commissioning editor Eleanor Davey Corrigan, who responded to this project with excitement, and the reviewer who strongly recommended the publication of this edited volume. I would also like to thank the assistant editors, Harriet Barker and Hannah Kašpar, who have been very supportive during the publishing process. Finally, I would like to thank my dear brother Seçkin and my parents, Nazife and İlhan Karakoç, for their trust and support. And many thanks to my darling Ozan, for his support and for being with me during the many sleepless nights that I spent working on this book. viii Notes on Contributors Editor Jülide Karakoç is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at the Gedik University, Istanbul. She has a master’s in Interna- tional Relations from Galatasaray University, and a PhD in International Relations from Ankara University. While carrying out her postdoc- toral research in the Department of Political Science at Université de Montréal, she also worked there as an invited lecturer, giving a course on Middle Eastern politics. She has authored scholarly articles in M iddle Eastern Studies , Critique and E thnic and Racial Studies. Her main areas of interest are Middle East politics, the Kurdish question and Turkish foreign policy. Contributors Selin M. B ölme is an assistant professor at the Institute of Middle East Studies of Marmara University, Istanbul. She has a master’s in International Relations from Hacettepe University and received her PhD from the International Relations Department at Ankara University. She has worked as a visiting researcher in the Defense Studies Department at King’s College London and carried out her postdoctoral research there. Bölme has extensively published on Turkish foreign policy, the Middle East, Turkey–US affairs and defense and security politics and is a frequent commentator for the Turkish media on these topics. Her PhD thesis, titled “US Military Base Policy and Turkey: A Study on Incirlik Air Base,” was published by İletişim Yayınları in 2012. Hamit B ozarslan is Professor of History and Political Sociology at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) in Paris. He received his PhD at EHESS and Science-Po/Paris. His publications include L e luxe et la violence: Domination et contestation chez Ibn Khaldûn (2014), Sociologie politique du Moyen-Orient (2011, translated into Turkish and Italian) and Une histoire de la violence au Moyen-Orient (2008, translated into Turkish and Spanish, Arabic translation forthcoming). Fulya D oğruel is an assistant professor at Gaziantep University. She holds a PhD in Social and Cultural Anthropology from the Catholic ix