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URI [dataset] UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND LAW Business School Authenticity in Leadership in the Cultural Context of Saudi Arabia By Mohammad Algarni Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND LAW Business School Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Authenticity in Leadership in the Cultural Context of Saudi Arabia Mohammad Algarni Recent theory development in the field of leadership has focused on authentic leadership (Anderson et al., 2016). Authentic leadership is built on the concept of authenticity, which is about being real and true to oneself (Boyraz, 2014). Despite authentic leadership still being in its infancy both conceptually and empirically, a large increase in research within western cultures has emerged. However, very little is known about how it is viewed and how it works within non-western cultures (Li et al., 2014). This study addresses this significant gap and explores how Saudi leaders and followers perceive the concept of authenticity and how their perceptions of leadership are shaped by a cultural perspective. An exploratory qualitative study was undertaken using semi-structured interviews. 36 participants (18 leaders and 18 followers from 18 organisations) were interviewed within six different private sector industries in Saudi Arabia. This study takes a social constructivist view and uses an inductive design in order to give a better understanding of authenticity in leadership in a non-western culture (Gulf Cooperation Council GCC cultures), specifically within the Saudi context. This research finding conceptualise authenticity in leadership based on Islamic and Saudi perspectives, with eight distinct behaviours and practices of authenticity in leadership. It furthermore identifies the challenges and obstacles of applying authenticity in leadership within a Saudi culture. Additional findings illuminate the influence of organisational culture on authenticity in leadership and the relationship between authenticity in leadership and followership. The study yields a number of contributions. The impact of religion in general, and Islam in particular, on authenticity in leadership is a theoretical contribution to the extant body of literature concerned with authenticity in leadership. Methodologically, this study is one of few that explores authenticity qualitatively. i Table of Contents ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ................................................................................................................. v DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP .................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background and Research Gap ................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research Aim and Objectives .................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................................. 3 1.4 The Context of the Study ......................................................................................... 4 1.4.1 Background of Saudi Arabia ...................................................................... 4 1.4.2 Saudi Culture ............................................................................................. 5 1.4.3 The Private Sector of Saudi Arabia ............................................................ 6 1.5 Structure of The Thesis ............................................................................................ 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Culture ................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Definitions of Culture .............................................................................. 10 2.2.2 Levels of Culture ...................................................................................... 13 2.2.3 The Nature of Culture .............................................................................. 14 2.2.4 Cultural Dimensions Models ................................................................... 17 2.2.5 Global culture and its impact on Saudi culture ....................................... 26 2.3 Leadership ............................................................................................................. 29 2.3.1 What is Leadership? ................................................................................ 30 2.3.2 Leadership Theories ................................................................................ 31 2.3.3 Leadership and Culture ........................................................................... 35 2.4 Authenticity ........................................................................................................... 38 2.4.1 Definition of Authenticity ........................................................................ 39 2.4.2 Components of Authenticity ................................................................... 40 2.4.3 Authenticity and Culture ......................................................................... 41 2.5 Authentic Leadership ............................................................................................. 43 2.5.1 Defining Authentic Leadership ................................................................ 43 2.5.2 Approaches of Authentic Leadership ...................................................... 45 ii 2.5.3 Authentic Followership ............................................................................ 48 2.5.4 Authentic Leadership and Culture ........................................................... 50 2.5.5 The Contested Nature of Authentic Leadership ...................................... 52 2.5.6 Responsible Leadership ........................................................................... 54 Chapter 3: Research Methodology ..................................................................... 59 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 59 3.2 Research Philosophy .............................................................................................. 60 3.2.1 Social Constructivism ............................................................................... 62 3.3 Research Design ..................................................................................................... 64 3.3.2 Data Collection Method ........................................................................... 67 3.3.3 Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 70 3.4 Trustworthiness of Qualitative Research............................................................... 75 3.4.1 Credibility ................................................................................................. 76 3.4.2 Transferability .......................................................................................... 77 3.4.3 Confirmability and Dependability ............................................................ 77 3.5 Ethical Considerations............................................................................................ 78 3.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 81 Chapter 4: Results and Discussion ...................................................................... 82 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 82 4.2 The Influence of National Culture on Authenticity in Leadership ......................... 85 4.2.1 Theme Introduction ................................................................................. 86 4.2.2 The Impact of Islamic Culture on Authenticity ........................................ 86 4.2.3 Cultural Disconnect .................................................................................. 93 4.2.4 Cultural Obstacles to Authenticity ........................................................... 98 4.2.5 Positive Cultural Aspects and Authenticity ............................................ 106 4.2.6 Theme Conclusion ................................................................................. 109 4.3 The Perception of Authenticity in Leadership ..................................................... 110 4.3.1 Theme Introduction ............................................................................... 110 4.3.2 Self- Perceptions of Authenticity in Leadership .................................... 111 4.3.3 Relational Perceptions of Authenticity in Leadership ........................... 127 4.3.4 Theme Conclusion ................................................................................. 147 4.4 The Influence of Organisational Culture on Authenticity in Leadership ............. 148 4.4.1 Theme Introduction ............................................................................... 148 4.4.2 Top Management Actions ..................................................................... 149 4.4.3 Organisational Policies and Procedures ................................................ 151 4.4.4 Theme Conclusion ................................................................................. 155 4.5 Authenticity in Followership ................................................................................ 155 iii 4.5.1 Theme Introduction............................................................................... 155 4.5.2 Theme Conclusion ................................................................................. 162 4.6 The Source of Authenticity .................................................................................. 163 4.6.1 Theme Introduction............................................................................... 163 4.6.2 Theme Conclusion ................................................................................. 170 4.7 The Impact of Authenticity in Leadership ........................................................... 170 4.7.1 Theme Introduction............................................................................... 170 4.7.2 Leader Level ........................................................................................... 171 4.7.3 Follower Level........................................................................................ 176 4.7.4 Organisational Level .............................................................................. 181 4.7.5 Theme Conclusion ................................................................................. 185 4.8 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 185 Chapter 5: Conclusion ...................................................................................... 189 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 189 5.1.1 Revisiting The Research Aim, Objectives and Questions ...................... 189 5.1.2 RQ 1. ...................................................................................................... 191 5.1.3 RQ 2 ....................................................................................................... 192 5.1.4 RQ 3 ....................................................................................................... 193 5.1.5 RQ 4 ....................................................................................................... 194 5.2 Research Contributions ....................................................................................... 194 5.2.1 Theoretical Contributions...................................................................... 194 5.2.2 Methodological Contribution ................................................................ 196 5.2.3 Contextual Contribution ........................................................................ 197 5.3 Practical Contributions ........................................................................................ 197 5.3.1 Macro-level Contributions .................................................................... 197 5.3.2 Micro-level Contributions ..................................................................... 198 5.4 Limitations of the study and directions for future research ............................... 199 5.5 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................ 200 List of References ...................................................................................................... 201 Appendix A Interview Questions English and Arabic Translations ....................... 225 Appendix B Data Analysis Steps ......................................................................... 227 Appendix C Poster Participation ......................................................................... 233 Appendix D Ethical Approval ...................................................................................... 234 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Research Gap of Knowledge .....................................................................................3 Figure 2: Topics of Literature Review Chapter ........................................................................9 Figure 3: Conceptual Framework of Authentic Leadership (Gardner et al., 2005, p.346) ....45 Figure 4: The Four Factors model of Authentic Leadership by Beddoes-Jones (2013,p.70) .47 Figure 5 Authentic Followership Model by De Zilwa (2016, p.313) ......................................49 Figure 6: Research Gap ..........................................................................................................57 Figure 7: Overview of Research methodology ......................................................................59 Figure 8: Stages of Thematic Analysis adopted from Braun and Clark (2006) ......................73 Figure 10: Research Themes ..................................................... 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Figure 11: Subthemes of the Influence of National Culture on Authenticity in Leadership .86 Figure 12: Islamic View of Authenticity in Comparison with Western and Eastern Cultures92 Figure 13 Perceptions of Authenticity in leadership .......................................................... 111 Figure 14: The Impacts of Authenticity in Leadership on Different Levels ........................ 171 Figure 15: Dimensions of Authenticity in Leadership ......................................................... 186 v List of Tables Table 1: Comparison between Definitions of Culture ........................................................... 12 Table 2: Summary of Cultural Dimensions Models ............................................................... 25 Table 3: Sampling Criteria and Rational ................................................................................ 65 Table 4: The Source of Interview Questions ......................................................................... 69 Table 5: Quantitative and Qualitative Criteria of Assessing Quality in Research ................. 76 Table 6: Procedures of Ethical Considerations in the Interviews ......................................... 79 Table 7: biographical information of The Research Participants .......................................... 83 Table 8 Cultural Disconnect Quotes ...................................................................................... 96 Table 9 Self Awareness Quotes ........................................................................................... 113 Table 10 Lead by Example Quotes ...................................................................................... 118 Table 11 Leaders Interests Match Organisational Interests Quotes................................... 121 Table 12 Admit Mistakes and Accept Feedback Quotes ..................................................... 125 Table 13 Transparent with Followers Quotes ..................................................................... 132 Table 14 Developing Followers Quotes............................................................................... 135 Table 15 Positive Relationships with Followers Quotes ..................................................... 141 vi