Australian Echinoderms, including feather stars, seastars, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers, are Echinoderms some of the most beautiful and interesting animals in the sea. They play an important ecological role, and several species of sea urchins and sea cucumbers form the basis of important fisheries. E Over 1000 species live in Australian waters, from the shoreline to the depths of the abyssal plain and the tropics to Antarctic waters. c A Australian Echinoderms provides authoritative accounts of over 130 families of echinoderms, h BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION primarily with an Australian focus. It brings together in a single volume comprehensive u information on the identification, biology, evolution, ecology and management of these i animals for the first time. Richly illustrated with beautiful photographs and written in an ns accessible style, Australian Echinoderms suits the needs of marine enthusiasts, academics t Editors: Maria Byrne o and fisheries managers both in Australia and other regions where echinoderms are studied. r and Timothy D. O’Hara a d l About the editors ei Maria Byrne is Professor of Marine and Developmental Biology at the University of Sydney. Her a r research interests are on the biology, ecology, conservation and evolution in marine invertebrates with n a focus on echinoderms from across the globe and more recently on the impacts of climate change. m Timothy D. O’Hara has been researching echinoderms since high school. Since becoming a curator at Museums Victoria in 2001, his research has focused on using the vast amounts of data and specimens stored in museum collections to address issues of biodiversity conservation and management. s He has conducted biodiversity and ecological surveys, mapped the distribution of seafloor animals across oceans, used extracted DNA to study evolution, and described many beautiful new species. EDITORS: M. BYRNE T. D. O’HARA Australian Echinoderms Cover Final.indd 1 29/03/2017 3:42 pm Australian Echinoderms Australian Echinoderms Title Pages.indd 1 24/01/2017 1:42 pm This page intentionally left blank Australian Echinoderms Biology, Ecology And Evolution Editors: Maria Byrne and timothy d. o’Hara Australian Echinoderms Title Pages.indd 2 24/01/2017 1:42 pm © Commonwealth of Australia 2017 Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this publication This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted are those of the authors and do not necessarily under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced reflect those of the Australian Government or by any process without prior written permission from the Minister for the Environment and Energy. the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to: While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure Rights and Permissions that the contents of this publication are factually CSIRO Publishing correct, the Commonwealth does not accept Locked Bag 10 responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of Clayton South VIC 3169 the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or Australia damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this Email [email protected] publication. ISBN 978 1 486 30762 3 ABRS volume editor Pamela L. Beesley Indexer Bruce Gillespie National Library of Australia Cover photo Himerometra robustipinna, Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Gary Bell, Oceanwide Images Australian echinoderms : biology, ecology and Cover design James Kelly evolution / Maria Byrne and Timothy D. O’Hara Internal design & layout Brigitte Kuchlmayr (ABRS) (editors). Published by CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne and ABRS, Canberra 978 1 486 30762 3 (hardback) Printed in China by 1010 Printing International Ltd 978 1 486 30763 0 (ePDF) 978 1 486 30764 7 (epub) Includes bibliographical references and index. This book is available from: CSIRO Publishing Echinodermata – Ecology. Locked Bag 10 Echinodermata – Evolution. Clayton South VIC 3169 Marine invertebrates – Ecology. Australia Marine invertebrates – Evolution. Marine biology. Telephone: +61 3 9545 8400 Local call: 1300 788 000 (Australia only) Byrne, Maria, editor. Fax: +61 3 9545 8550 O’Hara, Timothy D., editor. Email: [email protected] 593.9 Website: www.publish.csiro.au This work may be cited as: Byrne, M. & O’Hara, T.D. (eds) (2017). Australian Echinoderms: Biology, Ecology & Evolution. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne and ABRS, Canberra xx, 612 pp. Plate 1 Linckia laevigata (Ophidiasteridae), the blue seastar, grazing biofilm and algae on the shallow reefs surrounding Lord Howe Island, Australia. [J.Gilligan] v vi Foreword As one of the major phyla in the world’s oceans, of environments from the intertidal and shallow water echinoderms are of considerable interest. Although to the deep sea, from the tropics to Antarctica. The systematic study of echinoderms in Australian waters book has splendid well-illustrated accounts of species did not begin until the first half of the twentieth of the families found in Australian waters. Here, the century, studies since then have contributed greatly to basic features, distribution, biology and ecology of each understanding their importance. The geographic scope species are considered. Evolutionary relations within of this book is enormous. It considers echinoderms the phylum and the classes show complex relations. from around continental Australia including Tasmania, The scope and in-depth treatment of the species make offshore islands including Macquarie Island, Lord this book important. The contents will be of interest Howe Island, Cocos (Keeling) Island, Australian in considering other species in the families in other External Territories including Christmas Island, Heard geographical areas. This is a comprehensive book Island, Norfolk Island and the Australian Antarctic that compiles and synthesizes an immense amount Territories, and the Australian Marine Exclusive of literature that makes it an authoritative account of Economic Zone. Consequently, the chapters on biology Australian echinoderms in particular and echinoderms and ecology consider Australian echinoderms in a range in general. John M. Lawrence Professor Emeritus Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa, Florida, USA Plate 2 Using long oral primary spines with a distal hoof, the bright and colourful fire urchin, Asthenosoma varium (Echinothuriidae), moves swiftly over tropical substrates. The shorter secondary spines on the aboral surface are often clustered together, bordered by venomous spines. [C.Bryce] vviiii Plate 3 The colobometrid Cenometra bella, often seen clinging to sea whips, is found in the tropical waters of the east Indo‑west‑central Pacific including northern Australia. The crinoid’s arms are not arrayed in the radial pattern typical of C. bella, but that may be a function of weak current. The smaller feather stars partly obscured in the lower part of the image are likely to be Oligometra serripinna, which also clings to sea whips and sea fans. [F.Bavendam] vviiiiii Contents at a Glance Foreword vii Extended Contents x Editors and Contributors xv Contributors xv Illustrators and Photographers xvi Part 1: Introduction to Echinoderms 1 1: Introduction 2 2: Ecology and Behaviour 37 3: Echinoderm Life Histories 75 4: Management: Fisheries, Ferals and Conservation 95 5: Biogeography 137 6: Phylogeny and Geological History 155 Part 2: Echinoderm Diversity 169 7: Class CRINOIDEA 171 8: Class ASTEROIDEA 231 9: Class OPHIUROIDEA 295 10: Class ECHINOIDEA 351 11: Class HOLOTHUROIDEA 447 References 491 Index 577 iixx