BARBARA BURRELL TWO INSCRIBED COLUMNS FROM CAESAREA MARITIMA aus: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 99 (1993) 287–295 © Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 287 Two Inscribed Columns from Caesarea Maritima Two columnar pedestals of bluish-grey marble, each with three inscriptions, provide new information on the city of Caesarea and on the Roman governors of its province of Syria Palaestina. The columns were found in the summer 1990 excavations at the Promontory Palace at Caesarea.1 The current excavations are a continuation of those carried out in that lo- cation from 1976 to 1979 under the auspices of the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.2 Both pedestals take the form of columns, but it is more likely that they served as free- standing monuments (e.g. statue bases) than as architectural members. Column I is1.43 m. tall, column II 1.50 m. Each has a flat, rough-chiseled top, and on the bottom a plain double fillet molding which on column I is .065 m. wide and on column II .06 m. wide. Each col- umn is .51 m. in diameter at the molded end. There are no cuttings on top or bottom of either column, but column II has three holes, .03 by .02 and .015 deep, evenly-spaced around its shaft about .10 m. down from its unmolded surface (above inscriptions II.1 and II.2). On column I, inscription 1 appears to be the earliest, inscribed when the column stood on its molded end. Inscription 2 was then added by turning the column upside down and writing on the opposite side from the molded end down. Finally the column was rotated and inscrip- tion 3 added to the same side as 1 but still upside-down from it, on a claw-chiseled surface; part of the last two lines of inscription 1 was erased by this preliminary chiseling. For column II inscription 1 came first and as with column I was inscribed with the column's molded end down. Inscription 1 was then very lightly chiseled over, perhaps as a symbolic erasure, and inscription 2 was added on the opposite side of the shaft (same side up, unlike column I). Finally column II was also turned upside down and inscription 3 added to a claw-chiseled sur- face on the same side as 1. The fact that both columns were readily turned upside down or rotated for reinscription makes it less likely that they were being used to bear any architectural load, at least at the time that they were available for reuse. 1 The new excavations are a joint project of the Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusa- lem, and of the University of Pennsylvania; Ehud Netzer, Kathryn Gleason, Barbara Burrell, Directors. We would like to thank the University of Pennsylvania and the National Parks Department of Israel for their assis- tance and support. We are also grateful to the excavators without whose efforts this research would have been impossible: C. Gleeson, site supervisor; E. Ackerman, C. Andersen, Ch. Andersen, G. Anderson, J. Biek, T. Bloom, A. Browning, N. Castro, J. Dietrich, J. Gieben, S. Gular, W. Hartman Jr., R. Kahn, S. Leigh, T. Long, C. Mulhern, N. Patrinos, A. Porter, C. Rodman, J. Scandura, E. Sharp, R. Steinberg, J. Wood and C. Yun. I would also like to thank my co-directors for their unflagging support, and Profs. G. Merker, J. Raynor, L. DiSegni and L. Koenen for their aid and advice. All errors are of course my own. _ 2 Lee I. Levine and Ehud Netzer, Excavations at Caesarea Maritima: 1975, 1976, 1979 . Final Report (Qedem 21, Jerusalem 1986) 149-177. The columns were found in the area labeled P8 on pp. 151 and 155. 288 B. Burrell Column I Inscription 1 (135-212 C.E.; see plate VI a-c) The letters are elongated ovals, .07 m. tall (initials .08 m.); a few letters vary in size (a small 'o' in the abbreviation for 'pro praetore' in line 2, a tall 't' in line 3, the two 'i's in the name 'Taurini' tall). Their forms are elegant, with curved serifs, and carefully cut. The style is similar to that of the Marcus Flavius Agrippa inscription, on another round pedestal, from Maioumas outside Caesarea (see Kenneth G. Holum, Robert J. Hohlfelder, Robert J. Bull and Avner Raban, King Herod's Dream: Caesarea on the Sea [New York 1988] 115 118 figs. 71 and 72). D.SEIO.D.FIL.QVIR.SENECAE LEG.AVG.PROPR.PROVINC: SYRIAE . PALAEST. 4 MANDATV SEX.CORNELI QVIRINA TAURINI II VIRAL: CORNEL_IVS QVINTIANVS´ 8 FILIV_S ´ ___________ 7-8 for the deletion see above p. 287 D(ecimo) Seio D(ecimi) fil(io) Quir(ina) Senecae | leg(ato) Aug(usti) propr(aetore) pro- vinc(iae) | Syriae Palaest(inae) | mandatu | Sex(ti) Corneli(i) Quirina | Taurini (duum)viral(is) | Cornelius Quintianus | filius --- "To Decimus Seius Seneca, son of Decimus, of the tribe Quirina, legatus Augusti pro praetore of the province Syria Palaestina, by order of Sextus Cornelius Taurinus of the tribe Quirina, of duoviral rank; (his) son Cornelius Quintianus [dedicated it?]." Decimus Seius Seneca is previously unknown, probably consular, as he governed Syria Palaestina and this nomenclature of the province places the inscription after 135 C.E.3 One Seius Calpurnius Quadratus Sittianus, proconsul of Africa, is also known to have belonged to the tribe Quirina. The cognomen Seneca is not prominent among the Seii, but a certain Seius Saturninus had an uncle Mallius Seneca (CIL XIV 2381; RE s.v. Seius 7 and 14). This in- scription was set up by a former official and prominent citizen of Caesarea and his son, also previously unknown.4 The use of tribal names as proof of Roman citizenship became obso- lete after Caracalla's universal extension of citizenship in 212, so this inscription likely pre- dates it. The dedicator and dedicatee were of the same tribe, which is (unusually) spelled out in full; it seems that the dedicator made much of this tenuous connection with his province's governor. Column I Inscription 2 (276-282 C.E.; see pl. VII a,b) The letters are .08 m. tall, elongated and oval in shape, with a few flourishes (elongated 'c' in line 4) and ligatures ('au' in line 5). 3 M. Avi-Yonah, IEJ 23 (1973) 209-213, maintains that Judaea received consular governors after the 'War of Quietus' in 115 C.E., while H.-G. Pflaum, IEJ 19 (1969) 225-233 traced it to 123 C.E. 4 On the duoviri of Caesarea see J. Ringel, Césarée de Palestine: étude historique et archéologique (Paris 1975) 145; Lee I. Levine, Caesarea under Roman Rule (Leiden 1975) 37. Two Inscribed Columns from Caesarea Maritima 289 OMNI[VM (ca. 10 lett.) ] VERE VICTORIO[SISS] AC FELICISS INDV[LGENT IMP?] 4 .CAES.N.M AVR.PR[OBO] INVICT AVG.IMP [```] .ACILIVS.CLEOBV[LVS V C ?] .PRAES.PROV SYR P[AL] 8 D.N.M.E ___________ 1 see n. 5 4 perhaps PRO[B P], see n. 6 Omni[um ````` `````] | vere victorio[siss(imo)] | ac feliciss(imo) indu[lgent(issimo) Imp(eratori?)] | Caes(ari) n(ostro) M(arco) Aur(elio) Pr[obo] | Invict(o) Aug(usto) Imp(eratori) [numeral?] | Acilius Cleobu[lus V(ir) C(larissimus)] | praes(es) prov(inciae) Syr(iae) P[al(aes- tinae)] | D(evotus) n(umini) m(aiestatique) e(ius). "(To) the man truly most victorious over all [--- ?],5 and most fortunate, most forbearing, our Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Probus,6 unconquered, Augustus, Emperor [acclamation number?],7 Acilius Cleobulus [of clarissimate rank], governor of the province Syria Palaestina, dedicated to his divine authority and majesty." This inscription honors the Emperor Probus, who reigned from July 276 to autumn of 282 C.E. The magniloquent titulature is not uncommon for Probus, who was called such things as "true Gothicus, true Germanicus and distinguished by the names of all victories."8 But I have not found a close parallel to the titulature of the present inscription. Usually the emperor's name is followed by pius felix, sometimes by pius alone. In the present inscrip- tion, however, felix would be redundant because of line 3 feliciss(imo). Here Probus is honored by one who was previously unknown to have been governor of Syria Palaestina, Claudius Acilius Cleobulus (also known as Cleoboles).9 Son of Tiberius Claudius Cleoboulos (suffect consul, year unknown) and Acilia Frestana, he took his name by adoption from M' Acilius Faustinus, consul in 210 and possibly his maternal uncle; M. Acilius Glabrio, consul in 256, may have been his cousin by adoption. His inscriptions have 5 Possibly omni[um gentium] | vere victorio[so]; compare Dessau ILS 688 (Constantine), triumphatori omnium gentium; for the genitive construction of the adjective, cf. Sil. 3.326 invictus hiemisque aestusque fa- misque (R. Kühner-C. Stegmann, Ausf. Grammatik d. lat. Sprache, Satzlehre5 I 444). Probus is called victori- osus semper on coins (HCC IV 39; M. Peachin, Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235-284, Stud. Amst. od. epigr. ins. ant. et papyrol. pert. 29 [Amsterdam 1990] p. 425 # 15). But, assuming abbrevia- tion, we may also restore something like omni[um gent(ium) pacatori], cf. Carus and Carinus as pacatores or- bis gentium nationumque omnium (Africa; Peachin p. 465 # 158) or, e.g. omni[um terrarum d(omino)], as Gallienus was called rector orbis et d(ominus) terrarum (Italy; Peachin p. 319 # 150), or omni[um gent(ium) rest(itutori)], as on coins Probus himself was called restitutor orbis (RIC V 2 853; Peachin p. 427 # 30). 6 It is not impossible that line 4 read Pr[ob(o) p(io)], see app. on line 4. 7 For Imperator repeated and in this position for Probus, Peachin op. cit. (see n. 5) pp. 98 and 432 # 64 (Hispania). 8 Peachin op. cit. (see n. 5) p. 437 # 108 (Hispania); also 431 # 60 (Hispania). 9 PIR2 C 768; ILS 1134 bis; RE s.v. Acilius 29. 290 B. Burrell been found in Allifano, Ephesos, and in the praetorium at Gortyna, which has prompted the hypothesis that he was also proconsul of Crete and Cyrene. He (with some competition from the dedicator of inscription II.2) is the first known praeses of Syria Palaestina; at least one and more likely both were of clarissimate rank.10 Thus these inscriptions prove to be valuable documents of the intermediate phase between the provincial administrative system of the high Empire (when Syria Palaestina was ruled by consular legati pro praetore) and its reorganiza- tion under Diocletian (when equestrian praesides were the norm).11 Column I Inscription 3 (293-305 C.E.; see pl. VIII a,b) Letters .08 m. tall, small 'o' in lines 1 and 5; letter-forms pointed oval, similar to the inscription of Clemes honoring Diocletian (below).12 [FORTISSIMO ET] CONSVLTISSIMO IVVENTVTIS PRINCIPI FL VALERIO.CONSTANTIO 4 .P.F.INVIC.NOBILIS.CAES AVFID PRISCVS V P PRAES PROV .PAL.D N MQ EOR [Fortissimo et] consultissimo | iuventutis principi | Fl(avio) Valerio Constantio | p(io) f(elici) invic(to) nobilis(simo) Caes(ari) | Aufid(ius) Priscus v(ir) p(erfectissimus) praes(es) prov(inciae) | Pal(aestinae) d(evotus) n(umini) m(aiestati)q(ue) eor(um). "[To the strongest and] most learned leader of the youth Flavius Valerius Constantius, pious, fortunate, unconquered, noblest Caesar; Aufidius Priscus, of perfectissimate rank, governor of the province of Palaestina, dedicated to their divine authority and majesty." The inscription honors Constantius Chlorus as Caesar (March 293-April 305); this and column II inscription 3, dedicated to his co-Caesar Galerius, form a pair, differing only in the names and a few abbreviations.13 The final formula of dedication uses the plural form instead of the singular expected for an inscription to Constantius alone, but this must have been an er- ror not uncommon during the Tetrarchy, when the four rulers were often honored all together or in pairs.14 Aufidius Priscus, equestrian governor of Palaestina, must be the same governor Priscus noted in the recently-discovered contemporary dedication inscription of a fort at Yotvata (I. Roll, IEJ 39 [1989] 239-260). This fort was probably built to protect a strategic crossroads soon after Diocletian's reorganization augmented the province of Syria Palaestina with the ad- 10 C. M. Lehmann, ZPE 51 (1983) 194-195 on the praeses Valentinianus; the position was equestrian by that time (310-311). 11 B. Malcus, "Notes sur la révolution du système administratif romain au IIIe siècle," Opuscula Romana 7 (1969) 213-237, esp. 224; H. Peterson, JRS 45 (1955) 47-57. 12 M. P. Speidel, ZPE 43 (1981) 363-364 plate 17. 13 PIR2 F 390; RE s.v. Constantius 1. 14 Bull. Mus. Beyrouth I (1937) 79 no. 4 = AE 1939 no. 58 line 6 (Heliopolis Syriae). For the formula, H.-G. Gundel, "Devotus numini maiestatique eius," Epigraphica 15 (1953) 128-150. Two Inscribed Columns from Caesarea Maritima 291 dition of the southern part of the province Arabia, including its capital Petra.15 It seems that on this occasion the name of the newly enlarged province was shortened. Though literary ref- erences may not reflect the official terminology as precisely as inscriptions, both the Verona List and Eusebius' Onomastikon also refer to the expanded province as simply Palaestina.16 This tends to confirm that the terminology of inscriptions I.3 and II.3 is official and that the word 'Syriae' need not be restored in the original Yotvata inscription; Priscus was praeses of Palaestina.17 But the situation soon changed: by 310/311 one Valentinianus was praeses of Syria Palaestina (above, n. 10), and the name of the province Palaestina was subsequently erased from the Yotvata inscription. Column II Inscription 1 (after 71 C.E.; see pl. IX a-c) Letters .06 m. tall; the last omikron in line 3 and the last nu of line 4 ca. .03 m., with the latter enclosed in the preceding omega. The letter forms are Welles' 'monumental alphabet,' used at Gerasa from the later first to early third century; ligatures such as that joining the last three letters of line 6 were used from the second century on.18 The transcription from Latin to Greek gives curator a short omicron instead of the more usual omega.19 T h FL h MAJIMON FILOSOFON OUARIOSSELEUKOS 4 KOURATOR.PLOIVN KOL h KAISAREIAS TONPROSTATHN T(¤ton) Fl(ãouion) Mãjimon | filÒ!ofon | OÈãrio! S°leuko! | kourãtor plo¤vn | kol(vn¤a!) Kai!are¤a! | tÚn pro!tãthn. "Varius Seleukos, curator of ships of the colony of Caesarea (see n. 25) (honors his) pa- tron, Titus Flavius Maximus, philosopher."20 15 I. Roll, loc. cit. [above, in text] 248-249 (consolidation of the province dated after the Egyptian revolt in 297); Y. Tsafrir, IEJ 36 (1986) 77-86 (as part of the reorganization of provinces and legions, before Eusebius' Onomastikon in 300; the argument tends to be circular, as the Onomastikon has been dated by the presumed re- organization); I. Shahid, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century (Washington D.C. 1984) 48-50 (ca. 300); T. D. Barnes, The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine (Cambridge MA 1982) 201-208, 213-215 (in or not long after 293, p. 215); E. M. Smallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule (Leiden 1976) 533-534 (around 295, not after 307); F. M. Abel, Géographie de la Palestine II3 (Paris 1967) 169 (ca. 295). For other restructuring of the Roman provinces in the area in the early and later fourth cent. see P. Oxy. 3574 with J. Rhea's commentary and the subsequent literature on this controversial issue: Ph. Mayerson, ZPE 53 (1983) 251-258; 56 (1984) 223-230; 64 (1986) 139-140; he argues against G.W. Bowersock, Roman Arabia (Cam- bridge MA 1983), 145-146 and ZPE 56 (1984) 221-222; and T.D. Barnes, op. cit. (above) 205 and 211. 16 T. D. Barnes, op. cit. (see n. 15) 201-208, 213-215; idem, "The Composition of Eusebius' Onoma- stikon," Journal of Theological Studies n.s. 26 (1975) 412-415. Arbaeus Africanus was also praeses of Palae- stina (below, n. 32). 17 M. Noth, "Zur Geschichte des Namens Palästina," Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins 62 (1939) 125-144, esp. 126-133. 18 C. B. Welles, "The Inscriptions" in C. H. Kraeling, Gerasa (New Haven 1938) 355-494, esp. 360, fig. 9. 19 Hugh J. Mason, Greek Terms for Roman Institutions (Toronto 1974) 5-6; also for other terminology (pro!tãth!, kolvn¤a) in the inscription. 20 For dedications in which the reason for the honor (usually pãtrvn or pro!tãth!) is postponed until the end of the inscription, see, e.g., IGRR 3.778 (Attalea), 1042 and 1043 (Palmyra), and I. Eph. 1273 (Ephesos). 292 B. Burrell The inscription dates after 71 C.E., when Caesarea became a colony.21 It must antedate the reign of Probus, when its column was reused for inscription II.2. The gravestone of one Titus Flavius Maximus, a philosopher from Gortyna in Crete, has been found at Carthage.22 He died there at the age of 48 and his wife Flavia Hermione wrote his epitaph in Greek. The stonemason was presumably not used to non-Latin inscriptions, as he began with letters too large for the stone and had to erase and begin again; thus comparison with the lettering of other local inscriptions unfortunately offers no sure criterion for date. There was also a Titus Flavius Maximus of Urbisaglia in Italy who was procurator Augusti somewhere in the East in the second or third century.23 If he were the subject of the new Caesarea inscription, he would have been honored for his culture, not his official post; that may explain the use of Greek instead of Latin. As a port and as a Roman colony in the midst of a Jewish province, Cae- sarea would have been a natural focus for students and teachers of Helleno-Roman culture. This inscription to the philosopher Maximus is our first intimation of that role, and presages Origen's choice of the city as the site for his school of Christian philosophy.24 Neither the name Varius Seleukos nor his office of curator of ships is otherwise docu- mented at Caesarea. At Ostia there were guilds of curators of seagoing ships, curators of river ships, even a curator of Carthaginian ships; Meiggs opined that curators acted as agents to se- cure docking facilities for shipping (Roman Ostia [Oxford 1973] 277, 288). Here, however, Varius Seleukos appears as curator of ships (no modifier required, as all would have been seagoing) of the colony of Caesarea as a whole; perhaps the modern equivalent would be harbormaster.25 Column II inscription 2 (276-282 C.E.; pll. X a-c; XI a-c ) Letters .08-.09 m. tall, elongated and oval; in line 6, 'yr' in ligature. VICT[ORIOSO M AVR] PROBO A[VG ``` ] SVPER OMNES.RET≤RO 4 PRIN FORTISS.[IMP] CDSASSENIANVS V C.PRAES.PROV.SYR PAL.D N M Q E 21 J. Ringel, op. cit. (see n. 4) 144; Lee I. Levine, op. cit. (see n. 4) 35-36. 22 RE s.v. Flavius 133; CIL VIII suppl. part I no. 12,924. 23 RE s.v. Flavius 132; PIR2 F 318; H.-G. Pflaum, Carrières procuratoriennes equestres (Paris 1960-61) 1101. Urbisaglia was also the home of L. Flavius Silva: H.-G. Pflaum, IEJ 19 (1969) 225-233. 24 Lee I. Levine, op. cit. (see n. 4) 119-124. For 'philosopher' as a term for a member of the Museum at Alexandria see OGIS 712; it is unlikely to be so specific here. There was also a philosopher Maximus of Tyre in the time of Commodus (RE s.v. Maximus 37), as well as several more too late to fit the letter-style of the inscription. 25 I construe the genitive name of the city to modify 'curator' rather than 'patron'; one assumes that the statue of a patron of the city would be put up by official decree and with public money, not by a single official as here. Two Inscribed Columns from Caesarea Maritima 293 Vict[orioso26 M(arco) Aur(elio) | Probo A[ug(usto) ```] | super omnes retro | prin(cipes) fortiss(imo) [Imp(eratori)] | CDSASSenianus | v(ir) c(larissimus) praes(es) prov(inciae) Syr(iae) | Pal(aestinae) d(evotus) n(umini) m(aiestati)q(ue) e(ius). "To the victorious [Marcus Aurelius] Probus, Augustus, beyond all earlier principes the most vigorous emperor, CDSASSenianus (?) of clarissimate rank, governor of the province Syria Palaestina, dedicated to his divine authority and majesty." This is unfortunately the most worn and illegible of the six inscriptions. The restoration proceeds from line 3 which recalls Probus' title in an inscription from Raetia (F. Wagner, BRGK 37/38 [1956/57] 30; M. Peachin, op. cit. [above, n. 5] p. 438 # 114): restitutor pro- vinciarum et operum publicorum providentissimus ac super omnes retro principes fortissimus Imp(erator) Caes(ar) M(arcus) Aur(elius) Prob(us) pi(us) fel(ix) inv(ictus) Aug(ustus) etc. Similarly Gallienus was called d(ominus) n(oster) Gall(ienus) inv(ictus) Aug(ustus) ac super omnes retro principes fortissimus (CIL XI 3091; Peachin p. 312 # 92). The first parallel per- mits us to recognize the emperor's cognomen in line 2 (not: pro bo[no). It should be preceded by his other names and titles and probably be followed by the usual pio felici Augusto. But at this point the details become uncertain, as is the supplement of line 4, imp(eratori).27 Inscription II.2 is roughly contemporary with I.2, but here there is a different governor, of senatorial rank, with only his cognomen clear (and the divisions of that uncertain — it could be Senianus or Saenianus, or even Passenianus). For the historical situation, see above, inscription I.2. Column II inscription 3 (293-305 C.E.; pl. XII a-c) Letters .08 m., the 's' in line 2 and the 'o' in line 3 ca. .03 m.; in line 1, 'et' in ligature and .10 m. tall. Letter style as inscription I.3 (q.v.). FORTISSIMO ET CONSVLT IVVENTVTIS PRINCIPI GALER.VAL.MAXIMIANO .P.F.INVICT.NOBIL CAES AVFID.PRISCVS V P PR PROV PAL.D N M Q E Fortissimo et consult(issimo) | iuventutis principi | Galer(io) Val(erio) Maximiano | p(io) f(elici) invict(o) nobil(issimo) Caes(ari) | Aufid(ius) Priscus v(ir) p(erfectissimus) pr(aeses) | prov(inciae) Pal(aestinae) d(evotus) n(umini) m(aiestati)q(ue) e(ius). "To the strongest and most learned leader of the youth Galerius Valerius Maximianus, pious, fortunate, unconquered, noblest Caesar; Aufidius Priscus, of perfectissimate rank, governor of the province of Palaestina, dedicated to his divine authority and majesty." 26 Cf. above, col. I inscr. 2 with n. 5; the superlative victoriosissimus is used for Valerian, Aurelian, and Carus, and might be restored here (see Peachin, op. cit. [n. 5] index p. 515). 27 For the position of imp(eratori) after the name see above, col. I inscr. 2. 294 B. Burrell This inscription honors Galerius as Caesar (March 293-April 305); see inscription I.3, dedicated to his co-Caesar Constantius.28 The two form a pair, using the same words though different abbreviations. This one, however, has the usual singular in the dedication formula. * * * Columns and columnar pedestals inscribed with honorifics to emperors, officials and private citizens are not uncommon in Israel or in the rest of the erstwhile Roman world.29 Caesarea has already produced at least six other inscribed columns, four of them with multiple inscriptions like these. Thusfar all that are datable have been placed in the third century C.E., and except where mentioned are in Latin. One column, like the two found in 1990, is of bluish marble with a plain double molding on one end and three inscriptions. It is 1.22 m. tall, with a diameter of .48 m. on the molded end. It was discovered in the ruins of a Byzantine monastery south of Caesarea's Crusader walls. Its inscriptions mention three procurators: Valerius Valerianus; Clemes (a dedication to Diocletian engraved on a claw-chiseled surface, similar to the new inscriptions I.3 and II.3); and Aurelius Maro (agens vice praesidis), the latter single inscription in Greek.30 There are three columns with two inscriptions each known. One of purplish-yellow brecciated limestone was found southeast of the Roman theatre; it is 1.5 m. tall with a simple molding .06 m. wide and a diameter of .54 meters at that end, while the other end had eight holes, possibly for the attachment of sculpture. Its inscriptions honor a procurator Aelius Ju- lianus and one Valerius Calpurnianus, likely another procurator.31 The second, of similar limestone, was found in the fields west of the hippodrome. It is smaller, 1.18 m. tall, and in its present condition unmolded, but sometime after its first inscription was carved, three holes like those of the new column II plus three corresponding dowel holes in the top were added, perhaps for new sculpture or an additional decorative member. The inscriptions are one dedi- cation to Maximian by Arbaeus Africanus, an equestrian praeses of Palaestina, plus an earlier dedication to an (illegible) legatus pro praetore of Syria Palaestina.32 The third column, as yet unpublished, mentions another legatus pro praetore, C. Julius Titianus, and a further illegible official (governor?).33 28 RE s.v. Maximianus 2 (Galerius). 29 M. Gichon and B. H. Isaac, IEJ 24 (1974) 117-123, with full references to other occurrences. 30 M. P. Speidel, ZPE 43 (1981) 363-364; M. Christol, ZPE 22 (1976) 169-176; J. Fitz, "La carrière de L. Valerius Valerianus," Latomus 28 (1969) 126-140; M. Avi-Yonah, "Lucius Valerius Valerianus, Governor of Syria-Palaestina," IEJ 16 (1966) 135-141. 31 C. M. Lehmann, CPh 79 (1984) 45-52 (contains most recent bibliography). 32 C. M. Lehmann, ZPE 51 (1983) 191-195. 33 W. Eck, s.v. Iulius 513a in RE suppl. 15 (1978) 124-125.