Edited by JONATHAN EDMONDSON EDINBURGH READINGS ON THE ANCIENT WORLD 01 pages i-xxx prelims:Layout 1 22/6/09 17:21 Page i AUGUSTUS 01 pages i-xxx prelims:Layout 1 22/6/09 17:21 Page ii EDINBURGH READINGS ON THE ANCIENT WORLD general editors Michele George, McMaster University Thomas Harrison, University of Liverpool advisory editors Paul Cartledge, University of Cambridge Richard Saller, Stanford University This series introduces English-speaking students to central themes in the history of the ancient world and to the range of scholarly approaches to those themes, within and across disciplines. Each volume, edited and introduced by a leading specialist, contains a selection of the most important work, including a significant proportion of translated material. The editor also provides a guide to the history of modern scholarship on the subject. Passages in ancient languages are translated; technical terms, ancient and modern, are explained. published Sparta Edited by Michael Whitby Sex and Difference in Ancient Greece and Rome Edited by Mark Golden and Peter Toohey Greeks and Barbarians Edited by Thomas Harrison The Ancient Economy Edited by Walter Scheidel and Sitta von Reden Roman Religion Edited by Clifford Ando Athenian Democracy Edited by P. J. Rhodes The Athenian Empire Edited by Polly Low Augustus Edited by Jonathan Edmondson in preparation Greek Athletics Edited by Jason König 01 pages i-xxx prelims:Layout 1 22/6/09 17:21 Page iii A U G U S T U S Edited by Jonathan Edmondson EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS 01 pages i-xxx prelims:Layout 1 22/6/09 17:21 Page iv © in this edition Edinburgh University Press, 2009 © in the individual contributions is retained by the authors Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22George Square, Edinburgh www.euppublishing.com Typeset in Sabon by Norman Tilley Graphics Ltd, Northampton and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library isbn978 074861594 0(hardback) The right of the contributors to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published with the support of the Edinburgh University Scholarly Publishing Initiatives Fund. 01 pages i-xxx prelims:Layout 1 22/6/09 17:21 Page v Contents Illustrations vii Acknowledgments xii Note to the Reader xiv Abbreviations xvi Map of the Roman Empire, c. ad 14 xxx Introduction: Approaching the Age of Augustus 1 part i the NOVUS STATUS: from III VIR REI PUBLICAE CONSTITUENDAE to PRINCEPS Introduction to Part I 33 1 Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature 40 Ronald Syme 2 Triumvirate and Principate 60 Fergus Millar 3 The Powers of Augustus 90 Jean-Louis Ferrary, trans. Jonathan Edmondson 4 Augustus, War and Peace 137 J. W. Rich 5 Livia and the Womanhood of Rome 165 Nicholas Purcell part ii RES PUBLICA RESTITUTA Introduction to Part II 197 6 The Political Significance of Augustus’ Military Reforms 203 Kurt A. Raaflaub 01 pages i-xxx prelims:Layout 1 22/6/09 17:21 Page vi vi Contents 7 The Administrative Reforms of Augustus: Pragmatism or Systematic Planning? 229 Werner Eck, trans. Claus Nader 8 Family and Inheritance in the Augustan Marriage Laws 250 Andrew Wallace-Hadrill 9 To Honour the Princeps and Venerate the Gods: Public Cult, Neighbourhood Cults, and Imperial Cult in Augustan Rome 275 John Scheid, trans. Jonathan Edmondson part iii images of power and the power of images Introduction to Part III 303 10 Monuments of the Battle of Actium: Propaganda and Response 310 Tonio Hölscher, trans. Claus Nader 11 Meretrix regina: Augustan Cleopatras 334 Maria Wyke 12 Cybele, Virgil and Augustus 381 T. P. Wiseman 13 Livy, Augustus, and the Forum Augustum 399 T. J. Luce part iv the impact of augustus in the roman provinces Introduction to Part IV 419 14 Colonia Augusta Emerita, Capital of Lusitania 427 Walter Trillmich, trans. Claus Nader 15 The Cities of the Greek World under Augustus 468 Glen Bowersock Chronology 483 Glossary 494 Guide to Further Reading 503 Bibliography 509 Index 531 01 pages i-xxx prelims:Layout 1 22/6/09 17:21 Page vii Illustrations Map of the Roman Empire, c. ad 14 xxx Fig. 3.1 Aureus of Octavian, 28 bc. Obverse: Head of Octavian, with laurel wreath. IMP. CAESAR DIVI F. COS. VI. Reverse: Octavian, sitting on sella curulis, with a scroll in his r. hand. LEGES ET IVRA P R RESTITVIT (“He restored the laws and rights of the Roman people”). British Museum, London. (Photo © Trustees of the British Museum) 92 Fig. 9.1 Map of cult places in and near Rome. 1. Periphery; 2. Urban centre 283 Figs 10.1 and 10.2 Frieze with naval trophies and priestly emblems, Rome. Musei Capitolini, Rome. (Photo: DAI-Rome, neg. 31.657-658) 315 Fig. 10.3 Frieze from the Temple of the Deified Iulius, Rome. Antiquario forense, Rome. (Photo: DAI-Rome, neg. 63.1230) 316 Figs 10.4 and 10.5 Sections from the frieze of the Temple of Apollo in circo (Apollo Sosianus), Rome. Centrale Montemartini, Musei Capitolini, Rome. (Photo: DAI-Rome, neg. 71.45 and 60.1252) 320 Fig. 10.6 Neo-Attic relief with Victory and a trophy. Museo Nazionale delle Terme, Rome. (Photo: museum) 321 Fig. 10.7 Neo-Attic relief with Victory, a trophy, and a warrior. Musée du Louvre, Paris. (Photo: M. Chuzeville, Paris) 322 Fig. 10.8 Terracotta roof-tile with naval trophy. Akademisches Kunstmuseum, Bonn. (Photo: J. Schubert, Archäologisches Institut und Akademisches Kunstmuseum, Universität Bonn, neg. 07-2307) 325 Fig. 10.9 Terracotta roof-tile with Victory and Capricorns. Private collection, Heidelberg. (Photo: H. Vögele, Heidelberg) 326 vii 01 pages i-xxx prelims:Layout 1 22/6/09 17:21 Page viii viii Illustrations Fig. 10.10 Sardonyx cameo with Neptune/Octavian on a chariot drawn by sea-horses. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. (Photo: museum) 327 Fig. 10.11 Cameo with Augustus in a quadriga drawn by Tritons. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. (Photo: museum) 328 Fig. 10.12 Gemstone with Neptune/Octavian. Kestner Museum, Hannover. (Photo: museum) 329 Fig. 10.13 Arretine vase with Apollo and Victory. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. (Photo: museum) 330 Fig. 10.14 Oil-lamp with Victory on a globe. Vindonissa Museum, Brugg (Switzerland). (Photo: after A. Leibundgut, Die römischen Lampen in der Schweiz, Berne: Francke, 1977, fig. 23.3) 331 Fig. 10.15 Oil-lamp with Victory and clipeus virtutis (shield of virtue). Carthage: Musée de Carthage. (Photo: after T. Hölscher, Victoria romana, Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1967, pl. 13.2) 332 Fig. 11.1 Cleopatra’s bronze coinage from Cyprus, dated c. 47–30 bc. British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum) 340 Fig. 11.2 Silver denarius of Antony, dated c. 32 bc. British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum) 352 Fig. 11.3 Coin issued to celebrate the Actian victory. British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum) 363 Fig. 11.4 Coin issued in celebration of the capture of Egypt, dated c. 28–27 bc. British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum) 364 Fig. 11.5 Coin issued in celebration of Julius Caesar’s Gallic victories, dated c. 48 bc. British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum) 366 Fig.11.6 Coin marking Julius Caesar’s victories in Gaul, dated c. 48 bc. British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum) 367 Fig. 11.7 Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta, detail of cuirass. Vatican Museums. (Photo: Alinari/Art Resource NY: ART 130614) 369 Fig. 11.8 Detail of breastplate of statue of Augustus from Prima Porta. Vatican Museums. (Photo: DAI-Rome neg. 37.744) 370 01 pages i-xxx prelims:Layout 1 22/6/09 17:21 Page ix Illustrations ix Fig. 12.1 Sketch-map of central Rome and the western corner of the Palatine in the time of Augustus (T. P. Wiseman) 391 Fig. 12.2 The Gemma Augustea. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. (Photo: museum) 396 Fig. 13.1 View of the Forum Augustum, Rome, with the Temple of Mars Ultor and part of the exedra of the portico on the south-east side. (Photo: J. Edmondson) 400 Fig. 13.2 Plan of the Forum Augustum, with a proposed reconstruction of its sculptural programme. (After P. Zanker, Forum Augustum. Tübingen, c. 1968.) 401 Fig. 14.1 1 [= Taf. 22.1]. Silver denarius, issued by P. Carisius (BMC I no. 279 & plate 5.3). British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum); 2 [= Taf. 22.2]. Silver denarius, issued by P. Carisius (BMC I no. 280 & plate 5.4). British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum); 3 [= Taf. 22.3]. Silver denarius issued by P. Carisius (BMC I no. 286 & plate 5.7). British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum); 4 [= Taf. 22.4]. Silver denarius issued by P. Carisius (BMC I no. 287 & plate 5.8). British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum); 5 [= Taf. 22.5]. Silver quinarius issued by P. Carisius (BMC I no. 295 & plate 5.14). British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum); 6 [= Taf. 22.6]. Silver denarius issued by P. Carisius (BMC I no. 288 & plate 5.9). British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum) 430 7 [= Taf. 22.7]. Silver denarius issued by Octavian, c. 29–28 bc. Obv. Octavian; rev. Venus (BMC I no. 599 & plate 14.16). British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum); 8 [= Taf. 22.8]. Silver denarius issued by Octavian, c. 29–28 bc. Obv. Octavian; rev. Victory (BMC I no. 602 & plate 14.18). British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum); 9 [= Taf. 22.9]. Silver denarius issued by Octavian, c. 29–28 bc. Obv. Octavian; rev. Pax (BMC I no. 605 & plate 15.2). British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum); 10 [= Taf. 22.10]. Silver denarius issued by Octavian,c. 29–28 bc. Obv. head of Mars; rev. shield with sidus Iulium (BMC I no. 644 & Plate 15.18). British Museum, London. (Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum); 11 [= Taf. 22.11].