Augmentative and Alternative Communication Models and applications Second Edition Filip Loncke Augmentative and Alternative Communication MODELS AND APPLICATIONS Second Edition Books for students https://t.me/joinchat/R2aCXQYd3l-nYOJ3 Augmentative and Alternative Communication MODELS AND APPLICATIONS Second Edition Filip Loncke, PhD 5521 Ruffin Road San Diego, CA 92123 e-mail: [email protected] Website: https://www.pluralpublishing.com Copyright © 2022 by Plural Publishing, Inc. Typeset in 10.5/13 Palatino by Flanagan’s Publishing Services, Inc. Printed in the United States of America by Integrated Books International All rights, including that of translation, reserved. 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Title: Augmentative and alternative communication : models and applications / Filip Loncke. Description: Second edition. | San Diego, CA : Plural Publishing, Inc., [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020036591 | ISBN 9781635501223 (paperback) | ISBN 9781635501308 (ebook) Subjects: MESH: Communication Aids for Disabled | Nonverbal Communication | Communication Disorders--rehabilitation | Interpersonal Relations | Needs Assessment Classification: LCC RC423 | NLM WL 340.2 | DDC 616.85/503--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020036591 Contents Introduction xiii Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1. Augmentative and Alternative Communication: 1 A General Introduction What Is Augmentative and Alternative Communication? 1 Standard and NonStandard Forms of Communication 4 Early Assumptions 4 Terminology 5 Learnability of Symbols 8 A Model for AAC Communication 10 AAC as Sender Support 11 Less Is More? 12 Alternative Access 13 Adapting Manual Signs 14 AAC as Support of Signal Transmission 14 Multimodality 15 AAC as Support of Receiver 15 Beyond the Communicator–Partner Interaction 16 Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model 17 To Sum Up 19 Points to Remember 19 References 19 Chapter 2. Access and Message Management 23 Typical Processes Involved in the MicroGenesis of Speech 24 A Proposed Framework to Understand Access 25 Rate of Expressive Communication 26 Access 28 Physical Access 28 Mental Access 28 Portability 28 Sender Access Facilitation 29 Intentionality 29 Lexicon Accessibility 29 Sets and Systems of Symbols: Do They Help in Lexical Access? 30 Access to Message Assembly Techniques 34 Message Externalizing 34 Behavior 37 Tools 38 v vi Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Models and Applications Cognitive Processes 40 Message Transmission 40 Multimodality Principle 40 Materialization Principle 40 The Receiver’s Role and Assistance from Communication Partner 41 Help in the Physical Execution of the Message and Facilitated 42 Communication (FC) Help in Cause-Effect Grasping 43 Providing Choices 43 Help with Scanning 43 Lexical Help 45 Selection Strategies (Y-N Questions) 45 Strategic Feedback 45 Content Feedback 45 AAC Modeling 46 Points to Remember 46 References 47 Chapter 3. Nontech, Low-Tech, High-Tech, and Mobile Computing 51 Assistive Technology 52 Nontech, Low Tech, and High Tech 52 Nontech Solutions 54 Steering Technology 54 Movement-Sensing Technologies 55 Multi-Input Strategies 55 Language Representation Technology 55 Output Technology 57 Nontech Output 57 Device-Generated Speech 57 Desktop and Laptops 60 Tablets and Mobile Devices 60 Lexicon Technology 60 Lexicon Representation 61 The Super Lexicon and Increasing Interconnectivity 61 Growing and Accessible Databases 62 Conversion Technology 62 Word from/to Graphic Symbol 63 Manual Sign from/to Word 63 Simplification Technology 63 Recognition Technology 63 Speech Recognition 63 Integration with Other NonCommunication Technology 64 Conclusions 64 Points to Remember 65 References 66 Contents vii Chapter 4. The Use of Symbols 69 What Are “Symbols”? 69 Symbol Classification 70 Unaided AAC Symbols 71 Unaided Symbols: Gestures 71 Everybody Uses Gesture 74 Conventional Gestures Are Manual Signs 75 Linguistic Unaided Symbols 76 Why Would Manual Signing Work? 77 Simplified Sign System 78 Key Word Signing 79 Aided AAC Symbols 82 Tangible Symbols 82 Graphic Symbols 82 Levels of Understandability of Graphic Symbols 84 Recognizable Graphic Symbols 84 Guessable Graphic Symbols 86 Symbols with Low Picturability 86 An Interesting Graphic Symbol System: Bliss-Words 88 Participics: Graphic Symbol Sets for a Specific Group 90 Animated Graphic Symbols 90 Adding Sounds to Graphic Symbols 90 Two Issues of Graphic Symbols: Polysemy and Sequentiality 90 The Polysemy Issue 91 The Sequentiality Issue 91 Uses for Graphic Symbols 92 Conclusions 95 Points to Remember 95 References 95 Chapter 5. Vocabulary and AAC 99 Words, Graphic Symbols, Manual Signs as Lexical Elements 100 Zipf’s Law, Core Vocabularies, and AAC 100 Typical Word Development 101 Balancing Number of Words with Accessibility Requirements: 101 The Problem of Lexical Access Teaching or Acquiring Vocabulary — Who Determines or Influences 101 Lexical Growth? The Core Vocabulary Approach 102 Comparing AAC and Typical Word Development — A Valid or 103 Flawed Approach? So, Is Core Vocabulary the Solution? 103 The Initial Lexicon 104 “Free Access” to Your Own Lexicon 105 Measuring Lexical Learning 108 viii Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Models and Applications Are Manual Signs the Lexical Equivalent of Words? 108 Manual Sign Lexicons 109 Are Graphic Symbols Really the Equivalent of Words? 109 Doing more with less? 111 Conclusion: The Vocabulary Challenge in AAC 111 Points to Remember 112 References 112 Chapter 6. AAC Intervention at the Prelinguistic and Early 115 Linguistic Stages The Beginnings of Communication 116 Forms of Communication 117 Functions of Communication 117 Behavior Regulation 118 Social Interaction 118 Joint Attention 119 From Unintentional Behavior to Intentional Communication 119 Understanding Cause-Effect 120 The Use of Tools 120 The Genesis of Internal Mental Representations 121 Symbol Development 121 When Does Communication Become Language? 122 From Idiosyncratic to Conventionalized Symbols 122 Communication and Symbol Development as Part of Interaction 122 Symbols Become Part of a Larger Structural Multilevel 123 Combinatorial System The Communication Matrix 124 AAC Solutions for Early Intervention 124 Determining the Communication System in Place 124 The Partners 127 The Communicative Environment 127 Making Unintentional Behaviors Intentional 127 Identify Potential Communicative Acts 128 Select Accessible Symbols 128 Transition to Linguistic Symbols 128 AAC Applications for People with Severe Developmental Limitations 128 of All Ages Make and Keep Communication Functional 129 Address Problem Behavior 129 Other Intervention Techniques 130 Requesting and Rejecting 131 Beyond Requesting and Rejecting 131 Extension of Communicative Repertoire 131 References 133 Contents ix Chapter 7. AAC Applications for Individuals With Autism 137 Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Acquisition of Communication 137 Through AAC Barriers and Facilitators 138 Predictors, Moderators, and Mediators 138 The Specific Nature of Autism and AAC 139 The Visual Modality, Visual Processing, and Attention 139 Teaching Needs 140 AAC and Social Skills in Individuals with an Autism Diagnosis 141 References 141 Chapter 8. Language Intervention and AAC 143 How Are the Main Mechanisms of Language Acquisition Affected 144 by the Use of AAC? Biological Factors 144 Language Exposure 144 Cognitive Challenges 145 Social Regulations 145 What Is the Effect of the Decreased Output Possibilities? 145 What Do We Know About the Developing Lexicon? 147 What Do We Know About Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax Development? 148 Morphology and Syntax 149 How Does the Use of AAC Affect Literacy? 149 How Does Software in AAC Devices Represent Language, and Does It 150 Facilitate Language Acquisition? Language Learning Through Interaction 150 Code-Switching 151 Amount of Exposure to Communication and its Influence 153 Learning Structures and Strategies 154 Modeling 155 Recasting 155 Points to Remember 156 References 157 Chapter 9. AAC and Literacy Development 159 Literacy Acquisition and AAC Use: An Interesting Relation 160 A Help or a Barrier? 161 Three Abilities and Levels of Graphic Symbol Use 161 (1) The Ability to Pay Attention to Specifics of a Pictorial Representation 161 (2) The Ability to Understand the Referential-Pictorial Meaning 161 of a Graphic Symbol (3) The Ability to Insert a Pictorial Representation in a Meaningful 162 Way in a Sequence of Actions Can Graphic Symbols Aid Word Recognition Through Association? 162