P1:GDZ/FFX P2:GDZ/FFX QC:GDZ/FFX T1:GDZ GB076-Miller-FM GB076-Miller-Sample July14,2004 20:16 CharCount=0 AudelTM Air Conditioning: Home and Commercial All New 5th Edition i P1:GDZ/FFX P2:GDZ/FFX QC:GDZ/FFX T1:GDZ GB076-Miller-FM GB076-Miller-Sample July14,2004 20:16 CharCount=0 ii P1:GDZ/FFX P2:GDZ/FFX QC:GDZ/FFX T1:GDZ GB076-Miller-FM GB076-Miller-Sample July14,2004 20:16 CharCount=0 AudelTM Air Conditioning: Home and Commercial All New 5th Edition Rex Miller Mark Richard Miller Edwin P. Anderson iii P1:GDZ/FFX P2:GDZ/FFX QC:GDZ/FFX T1:GDZ GB076-Miller-FM GB076-Miller-Sample July14,2004 20:16 CharCount=0 VicePresidentandExecutiveGroupPublisher:RichardSwadley VicePresidentandExecutivePublisher:RobertIpsen VicePresidentandPublisher:JosephB.Wikert ExecutiveEditor:CarolA.Long EditorialManager:KathrynA.Malm DevelopmentEditor:KevinShafer ProductionEditor:VincentKunkemueller TextDesign&Composition:TechBooks Copyright(cid:2)C 2004byWileyPublishing,Inc.Allrightsreserved. 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Trademarks:Wiley,theWileyPublishinglogo,andAudelaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarks ofJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,and/oritsaffiliates.Allothertrademarksarethepropertyoftheir respectiveowners.WileyPublishing,Inc.,isnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentioned inthisbook. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsin printmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. LibraryofCongressControlNumber: eISBN:0-7645-7719-0 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 iv P1:GDZ/FFX P2:GDZ/FFX QC:GDZ/FFX T1:GDZ GB076-Miller-FM GB076-Miller-Sample July14,2004 20:16 CharCount=0 Contents Acknowledgments xix About the Authors xxi Introduction xxiii Chapter 1 Air-Conditioning Fundamentals 1 Properties of Air 1 Air Circulation 2 Cleaning and Filtering 2 Basic Information 3 HeatTransfer 3 SensibleHeat 4 SpecificHeat 4 LatentHeat 4 LatentHeatofFusion 4 LatentHeatofEvaporation 5 Superheat 5 Pressure–TemperatureRelationship 5 Measurements and Measuring Devices 7 Thermometer 7 Barometer 8 SlingPsychrometer 9 PressureGages 10 BritishThermalUnit 10 RefrigerationCapacityMeasurements 10 Summary 12 Review Questions 13 Chapter 2 Psychrometry 15 Air and Water-Vapor Mixtures 15 Humidifying and Dehumidifying 15 Relative Humidity 15 RelativeHumidityMeasurements 16 GrainsofMoisture 16 SpecificVolume 17 v P1:GDZ/FFX P2:GDZ/FFX QC:GDZ/FFX T1:GDZ GB076-Miller-FM GB076-Miller-Sample July14,2004 20:16 CharCount=0 vi Contents Dew-PointTemperature 17 EffectiveTemperature 17 Dry-BulbTemperature 17 Wet-BulbTemperature 17 Wet-BulbDepression 18 Temperature-HumidityIndex 18 TotalHeatContent 18 Psychrometric Charts 18 PsychrometricChartInstructions 19 CalculationExamples 19 Comfort Chart 25 Summary 27 Review Questions 27 Chapter 3 Heat Leakage 29 Calculation Examples 30 Example 30 Solution 30 Reference Tables 30 Summary 52 Review Questions 52 Chapter 4 Ventilation Requirements 53 Air Leakage 53 Natural Ventilation 53 WindForces 53 Temperature-DifferenceForces 54 CombinedWindandTemperatureForces 55 RoofVentilators 55 VentilatorCapacity 56 Fresh-Air Requirements 57 Mechanical Ventilation 58 VolumeofAirRequired 58 Duct-SystemResistance 59 Air Filtration 60 EffectofDustonHealth 60 VariousDustSources 61 P1:GDZ/FFX P2:GDZ/FFX QC:GDZ/FFX T1:GDZ GB076-Miller-FM GB076-Miller-Sample July14,2004 20:16 CharCount=0 Contents vii Air-Filter Classification 61 DryFilters 62 Wet(orViscous)Filters 63 Filter Installation 66 Humidity-Control Methods 69 Humidifiers 69 Air-WasherMethod 69 PanHumidifiers 70 ElectricallyOperatedHumidifiers 71 Air-OperatedHumidifiers 71 Dehumidifiers 73 ElectricDehumidification 74 Controls 75 Adsorption-TypeDehumidifiers 76 Air-Duct Systems 77 HeatGainsinDucts 79 ResistanceLossesinDuctSystems 85 Fans and Blowers 89 AirVolume 90 HorsepowerRequirements 90 DriveMethods 91 FanSelection 92 FanApplications 93 FanOperation 94 Attic-FanInstallation 95 FanOperation 97 Summary 97 Review Questions 98 Chapter 5 Room Air Conditioners 101 Operation 101 Cooling Capacity 103 Capacity Requirements 103 Installation Methods 104 Double-HungWindowInstallation 106 CasementWindowInstallation 111 OutsideSupportBracket 115 P1:GDZ/FFX P2:GDZ/FFX QC:GDZ/FFX T1:GDZ GB076-Miller-FM GB076-Miller-Sample July14,2004 20:16 CharCount=0 viii Contents Console-TypeRoomAir-Conditioning Systems 116 Electrical System 122 ElectricalComponents 124 FanMotors 127 Thermostats 128 UnitControlSwitch 129 Service Operations 129 DismantlingWindowAirConditioners 130 ElectricalTesting 130 CompressorandMotor 135 OilingofMotors 137 LeaksinSystem 137 Filters 137 InteriorCleaning 137 WinterCare 137 Refrigerant-SystemService 138 Troubleshooting Guide (Window-Mounted Units) 143 Summary 143 Review Questions 145 Chapter 6 Refrigerants 147 Desirable Properties 147 Chlorofluorocarbon Compounds (CFCs) 147 Classifications 148 Early Types of Refrigerants 150 SulfurDioxide 151 MethylChloride 151 EthylChloride 152 Ammonia 153 CarbonDioxide 154 Freezol(Isobutane) 154 CalciumChloride(CaCl ) 154 2 Freon Refrigerants 156 Classifications 156 PropertiesofFreons 157 P1:GDZ/FFX P2:GDZ/FFX QC:GDZ/FFX T1:GDZ GB076-Miller-FM GB076-Miller-Sample July14,2004 20:16 CharCount=0 Contents ix Pressure-Temperature Chart 160 Refrigerant Characteristics 160 CriticalTemperature 160 Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs) 162 LatentHeatofEvaporation 162 SpecificHeat 163 PowerConsumption 163 VolumeofLiquidCirculated 164 Simple Refrigeration System 164 Handling Refrigerants 166 StoringandHandlingRefrigerant Cylinders 166 CylinderCapacity 167 FirstAid 168 Summary 169 Review Questions 169 Chapter 7 Compressors for Air Conditioners 171 Mechanical Components 171 Compressors 171 Condensers 173 Receivers 173 Evaporators 173 RefrigerantControls 174 ExpansionValves 174 Refrigeration Cycle 174 Refrigerants 175 Compressors 176 ReciprocatingCompressors 177 DriveMethods 177 CompressorValves 178 PistonsandPistonRings 178 ConnectingRods 181 Crankshafts 181 ShaftSeals 183 LubricationandCooling 184 Rotary Compressors 184 P1:GDZ/FFX P2:GDZ/FFX QC:GDZ/FFX T1:GDZ GB076-Miller-FM GB076-Miller-Sample July14,2004 20:16 CharCount=0 x Contents Scroll Compressors 189 ScrollCompressionProcess 189 Operation 191 ScrollCompressorModels 192 Centrifugal Compressors 192 ConstructionFeatures 195 LubricationSystem 196 Installation and Maintenance 198 Foundation 198 MotorandBelts 199 CompressorFlow-BackProtection 199 ValveMaintenance 200 Shaft-SealLeaks 201 CompressorKnocks 202 StuckorTightCompressor 202 CompressorRemoval 202 CompressorReplacement 203 CompressorStartup 203 WinterShutdownofWater-Cooled Compressors 204 Compressor Characteristics 205 CompressorPerformance 205 CompressorCapacity 205 MechanicalEfficiency 205 VolumetricEfficiency 205 CompressorEfficiencyTest 205 Troubleshooting Guide 214 Summary 214 Review Questions 215 Chapter 8 Condensing Equipment for Air Conditioners 217 Air-Cooled Condensers 217 Water-Cooled Condensers 219 Cooling-WaterCircuits 220 TypesofWater-CooledCondensers 220