Eating for Social Justice and Environmental Sustainability: Attempting to Live Food Sovereignty by Kaitlyn Fraser Bachelor of Arts (Honours,) University of Manitoba, 201 4 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillmenotf the Requirements for the Degree o f MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Sociology ©Kaitlyn Fraser, 2017 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without th epermission of the author . SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE Eating for Social Justice and Environmental Sustainability: Attempting to Live Food Sovereignty by Kaitlyn Fraser Bachelor of Arts (Honours) U, niversity of Manitoba, 201 4 Supervisory Committee Dr. Martha McMahon, Superviso r Department of Sociology Dr. William Carroll, Committee Membe r Department of Sociology ii ABSTRACT Using personal narratives, this thesis theorizes the lived experiences of attempting to align one’s consumption choices with the principles of food sovereignty in a place like Victoria, BC. First, to provide a detailed summary of the problem, a thematic analysis is used to identify and describe the tensions that arise throughout this journey. Second, drawing on institutional ethnography (IE), this thesis explores the various ruling relations that coordinate the (mis)understanding of the political potential of food sovereignty. By critically and reflexively analyzing my personal experience of engaging with food sovereignty I will suggest how others who are entering the study of alternative food initiatives can be more effective in their engagement with such movements. Furthermore, I suggest potential ways for those who have a relatively good understanding of alternative food movements to engage more effectively with others who share an interest in these initiatives, but who perhaps lack the accessibility to academic literature and/or the knowledge of how to participate politically in such initiatives. When we are able to see our shared interests and political connections, we are able to build political alliances. This then creates the potential for transformational change in the current industrial food system to one that is socially just and environmentally sustainable. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE II ABSTRACT III TABLE OF CONTENTS IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 PROVIDING CONTEXT: SITUATING MY JOURNEY 3 CHOOSING FOOD SOVEREIGNTY 9 ESTABLISHING THE PROBLEMATIC 10 SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS 13 CHAPTER 2: LITERATUR E REVIEW 15 HISTORICIZING THE FOOD REGIME 15 THE TWO GREAT FOOD REVOLUTIONS 16 THE NEOLIBERAL, CAPITALIST FOOD SYSTEM 18 FOOD SECURITY 20 THE FOOD SOVEREIGNTY COUNTERMOVEMENT 22 PUBLIC AMBIGUITY 24 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN 26 THEORETICAL APPROACH 26 IDEOLOGY AND THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE 27 RULING RELATIONS 29 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONI SM 29 TRASCORPOREALITY 31 METHODOLOGY 32 DATA COLLECTION 36 DATA ANALYSIS 38 Thematic analysis 38 Institutional/autoethnographic inquiry 39 CHAPTER 4: AUTO: THE PERSONAL EXPERIENCE 42 META THEME #1: PRODUCT LABELLING 43 THEME: CERTIFICATION LABELS 45 THEME: RETAIL OUTLET 46 META THEME #2: WHAT IS/IS NOT FOOD SOVEREIGNTY 48 THEME: JUST ANOTHER NICHE MARKET 48 THEME: WHO IS THE SOVEREIGN? 50 THEME: INDIGENOUS FOOD SOVEREIGNTY 50 THEME: CONSUMER FOCUS 52 THEME: LOCAL 54 THEME: GLOBAL? INDIVIDUAL? BOTH? 56 iv MOVING FORWARD 57 CHAPTER 5: REPRODUCI NG NEOLIBERAL SUBJEC TIVITIES 60 IDENTIFYING THE RULING RELATIONS 60 INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY 61 CONSUMER ACTION 67 IDENTITY POLITICS 70 CHAPTER 6: RE-CONSIDERING FOOD SOVEREIGN TY 73 LOCATING RULING RELATIONS 74 PRIORITIZING THE POLITICAL 76 REACHING A WIDER AUDIENCE 78 LOCAL ORGANIZING: EXPERIENCING SELF AS A POLITICAL SUBJECT 79 ONTOLOGICAL SHIFT 80 DECOLONIZATION 83 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS 84 REFERENCES 88 APPENDIX A 100 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A heart-felt thank you to my supervisors, Martha McMahon and William Carroll for supporting and encouraging me throughout this process. I feel honored to have had the opportunity to work under both of your supervision. Martha, thank you for the numerous hours you devoted to help me develop and revise my research. I know that my first few drafts were rough (to say the least) and I am forever grateful that you stuck with me, and my research, to the end. Thank you for constantly reminding me to stop trying to put everything into restrictively defined boxes and for putting the pressure on when I needed it. A special thank you to my family and friends who each supported me in unique ways throughout my studies. Mom, thank you for sending me money periodicallyf or “special” grocery items; I always did my best writing when I had good food by my side. Dad, thank you for passing your green thumb on to me; your love for gardening has deeply inspired me to pursue this research. Ash, thank you for upping your threat game when it was necessary; having my nephew “disown me” inspired Chapter 5. Farkas, thank you for sending me all of the snaps of Theo and letting me do the talking on Facetime with him. Lara and Chris, thank you for providing a place for me to come to tha tI could feel at home in; you and your girls have made Victoria feel like home. Ashley, my classmate/ first friend in Victoria/ roommate/counselor/ motivator/ RB partner/ person, I would not have made it through grad school without you .Thank you for everything, I could not have asked for a better friend to have by my side. And to Rea, you have given me the strength to endure anything life brings my wa.y I am forever grateful to you, and the life you’ve inspired me to live. vi Personal narrative: I became interested in the production of food after watching a documentary called ‘Food Inc.’ by Robert Kenner. I remember being shocked by all of the descriptions of the various aspects of the current food industry. The inhumane treatment of animals, the use of harmful chemicals, the legal action taken against small- scale farmers, the misleading advertisement strategies; they were all concrete examples of the terms I had learned throughout my undergraduate degree in sociology. What a great master’s thesis topic, I thought to myself. Although I felt sick to my stomach after watching that documentary and confused as to my place within this industry, I was hopeful that I could use my time in graduate school to explore this topic in depth. I instantly had a sense of relief; while I didn’t know exactly where I stood on these issues, I knew I would be able to use my background in sociology to better understand my connection to the issues raised in Food Inc. and how I might alter my purchasing behavior to respond ethically. Feeling hopeful I got off the couch and walked to the kitchen, opened up the pantry door and thought… so what am I supposed to eat now? CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The dramatic changes in food production in the last fifty years have inspired many scholars to take a critical look at how food shapes and is shaped by the political, cultural, and social. While food production and consumption is heavily theorized by academics, it is practiced by all; in order to survive, we must eat. Academic literature has been criticized for its intellectual jargon, dense scholarly writing, and failure to reach the general public (Pinker 2014; Neem 2016). Documentaries such as Supersize Me (2004), Food Inc. (2008), and Cowspiracy (2014) and bestselling books such as Fast Food 1 Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (2001) and The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (2006) have shed light on the various issues resulting in and from the current industrial food system, bringing awareness to everyday consumers. After watching Food Inc., I felt myself being drawn into the idea of alternative consumer practices; specifically, the idea that one could eat ethically. But what does eating ethically look like? Does it require eating organic food? Local food? Would I need to become a vegetarian? A vegan? I knew I felt a sense of pride when I purchased a product with the certified organic label on it or when I ordered the vegetarian option; I felt like I was doing the right thing. This feeling of doing the “right” thing however, was short lived once I exposed myself to the academic literature where I discovered that many of the social change strategies, framed in terms of the right consumer choices, so easily result in a reproduction of the very things one seeks to change (Guthman 2007a; Lavin 2009, 2013). That is, instead of being transgressive the focus on consumer choice can become absorbed into new forms of neoliberal self-governmentalities and reproduce that which it initially sought to counter. In this thesis I attempt to make sense of some of the academic literature on local food and the meaning of food sovereignty in the Global North in the hopes of answering the persistent question of how we as individuals who must consume food daily, can consume in a way that aligns with our desire for social justice and environmental sustainability. For while the idea of food sovereignty rejects neoliberalism and moves the political focus away from individual consumption choices as the core of political expression, the reality is that every individual has to make consumption choices every day. Is this a contradiction at the heart of food sovereignty as critics such as Guthman 2 1 suggest? Does attending to consumer choice around food inevitably depoliticize the intentions of eating ethically? I aim to explore how the social is organized such that I myself, a self-proclaimed foodie and graduate student researching alternative food movements, experience uneasiness with every food product that I purchase. By critically and reflexively analyzing my personal experience of engaging with food sovereignty I suggest how others who are entering the study of alternative food initiatives can be more effective in their engagement with such movements. Furthermore, I suggest potential ways in which those who have a relatively good understanding of alternative food movements can more effectively engage others who share an interest in these initiatives, but who perhaps lack the accessibility to academic literature and/or the knowledge of how to politically participate in such initiatives . PROVIDING CONTEXT: SITUATING MY JOURNEY I begin my thesis with a personal narrative describing my experience of watching the documentary Food Inc. When I first watched this movie I was a sociology honosr student at the University of Manitoba. I was in the process of writing my honors thesis, a path analysis of problem gambling in young adults, a topic I had no real interest in. I regretted choosing this topic almost instantly. I felt so privileged to have had the opportunity to conduct my own research with the support of my professors, and I wished I had chosen a topic that I felt personally connected to. Unlike the feeling Ihad during 1 I recognize that Julie Guthman was addressing the local food movement, rather than food sovereignty, when she suggests they tend to reproduce that which they seek to change. However, in the Global North the local food movement and food sovereignty are often conflated (albeit incorrectly). 3 my time researching problem gambling, I felt a fire within me after watching Food Inc. As I noted in my personal narrative, I was overwhelmed with the information I had been bombarded with throughout this one hour and thirty-four-minute film. I felt a strong desire to research the information further, as sociology had taught me to be critical towards everything. By critical I mean to challenge the dominant discourse and the implications such discourses have on differently situated people in society. Food Inc. sparked my interest around the food industry and the way food is produced, but I wanted more credible sources that supported these appalling accusations in a food system I participated in on a daily basis. What were sociologists saying about the food system? I applied for graduate school soon after watching this documentary and was accepted at the University of Victoria and the University of Manitoba. I wanted to spend my time in graduate school analyzing the food system in the hopes of, at t he end, being able to feel confident in my knowledge of food that was healthy and ethically produced. I was motivated to question my consumption choices but I knew it would be difficult to do while living at home as I was not the primary grocery shopper o r food preparer in my family. I knew if there were any a time to make a drastic change in such a common daily act like eating, this would be the time. I decided to carry out my graduate degree at the University of Victoria and moved to Vancouver Island so I could fully commit to critical ly analyzing and potentially altering the food I consumed. Present day reflection: Reflecting back on this desired goal I see my neoliberal subjectivity; my focus on consumer action, the feeling of individuarel sponsibility to protect myself from harmful food, my selfishness. I address these neoliberal tendencies in Chapter 5, but part of the process of identifying the ruling relations that coordinated my 4