ATP 4-35 Munitions Operations and Distribution Techniques September 2014 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Headquarters, Department of the Army This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (https://armypubs.us.army.mil/doctrine/index.html). To receive publishing updates, please subscribe at http://www.apd.army.mil/AdminPubs/new_subscribe.asp *ATP 4-35 (FM 4-30.1) Army Techniques Publication Headquarters Department of the Army No. 4-35 Washington, DC, 5 September 2014 Munitions Operations and Distribution Techniques Contents Page PREFACE.............................................................................................................. iii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... iv Chapter 1 MUNITIONS OPERATIONS OVERVIEW .......................................................... 1-1 Munitions in Unified Land Operations ................................................................ 1-1 Munitions Supply ................................................................................................ 1-1 Class V Supply ................................................................................................... 1-3 Summary ............................................................................................................ 1-4 Chapter 2 MUNITIONS SUPPORT SYSTEM ..................................................................... 2-1 Ammunition Sustainment Architecture ............................................................... 2-1 Strategic Organizations and Responsibilities ..................................................... 2-2 Operational Organizations and Responsibilities................................................. 2-3 Sustainment Headquarters and Staff Roles ....................................................... 2-7 Summary .......................................................................................................... 2-11 Chapter 3 PLANNING FOR MUNITIONS OPERATIONS .................................................. 3-1 Munitions Planning Methodology ....................................................................... 3-1 Phase 0 Shape ................................................................................................... 3-2 Phase 1 Deter ..................................................................................................... 3-7 Phase 2 Seize Initative and Phase 3 Dominate ............................................... 3-13 Phase 4 Stabilize .............................................................................................. 3-20 Phase 5 Enable Civil Authority ......................................................................... 3-22 Summary .......................................................................................................... 3-24 Chapter 4 MUNITIONS DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................. 4-1 Ammunition Unit Organization ............................................................................ 4-1 Ammunition Unit Alignment ................................................................................ 4-3 Distribution Enablers ........................................................................................ 4-10 Munitions Information Systems ........................................................................ 4-11 Summary .......................................................................................................... 4-19 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FM 4-30.1 dated 16 December 2003. i Contents Chapter 5 SAFETY, ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP AND PROTECTION ............... 5-1 Safety .................................................................................................................. 5-1 Environmental Stewardship ................................................................................ 5-2 Protection ............................................................................................................ 5-2 Summary ............................................................................................................. 5-4 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1 REFERENCES .................................................................................. References-1 INDEX ......................................................................................................... Index-1 Figures Figure 2-1. Munitions organizations overview ....................................................................... 2-1 Figure 4-1. Notional ammunition unit alignment in a theater of operations ........................... 4-4 Figure 4-2. Notional layout of an ammunition supply point .................................................... 4-5 Figure 4-3. Notional layout of an ammunition transfer holding point ..................................... 4-7 Figure 4-4. Phases of ammunition requisition and management ........................................ 4-12 Figure 4-5. Ammunition requirement approval .................................................................... 4-13 Figure 4-6. Ammunition procurement and staging of munitions .......................................... 4-14 Figure 4-7. Ammunition allocation process .......................................................................... 4-15 Figure 4-8. Munitions receiving, storing and distributing ..................................................... 4-16 Figure 4-9. Ammunition draw and use ................................................................................. 4-17 Tables Table 3-1. Munitions operations status reporting ................................................................. 3-13 ii ATP 4-35 5September 2014 Preface Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 4-35 provides munitions procedures and the mission and organization of ordnance units conducting munitions operations. The principal audience for ATP 4-35 is all members of the profession of arms. Commanders and staffs of Army headquarters serving as a joint task force or a multinational headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine concerning the range of military operations as well as joint or multinational forces. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this publication. Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure that their decisions and actions comply with applicable United States, international, and in some cases host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels ensure that their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of war and the rules of engagement. (See Field Manual [FM] 27-10.) ATP 4-35 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both the glossary and the text. Terms for which ATP 4-35 is the proponent publication (the authority) are italicized in the text and are marked with an asterisk (*) in the glossary. Terms and definitions for which ATP 4-35 is the proponent publication are boldfaced in the text. For other definitions shown in the text, the term is italicized and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition. ATP 4-35 applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard of the United States, and United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated. The proponent of ATP 4-35 is the United States Army Ordnance School. The preparing agency is the United States Army Combined Arms Support Command, Training Support and Doctrine Directorate. Send comments and recommendations on a Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to Commander, United States Army CASCOM, ATTN: ATCL-TS (ATP 4-35), 2221 A Ave, Ft. Lee, VA 23801; or submit an electronic DA Form 2028 by e-mail to: usarmy.lee.tradoc.mbx.leee-cascom- [email protected]. 5 September 2014 ATP 4-35 iii Introduction Munitions operations ensure the lethality of the Army throughout unified land operations. This ATP focuses on all phases of munitions operations and distribution from theater opening through theater closing. Munitions distribution is the operational process of synchronizing all elements and echelons of the munitions complex to deliver the right munitions to the right place at the right time. Munitions operations and munitions distribution are essential components of unified land operations (Army Doctrine Publication [ADP] 3-0). ATP 4-35 contains five chapters covering a munitions operations overview, the munitions support system, planning for munitions operations, munitions distribution, and safety, environmental stewardship and protection in munitions operations. Chapter 1 describes the nature of munitions operations as a critical task of the sustainment warfighting function and as the determining factor in successful unified land operations. Next, this chapter describes munitions operations and the Army modular force. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the class V supply process. Chapter 2 describes the munitions support system as a complex of interconnected agencies, stakeholders, process owners and users. Roles and responsibilities of strategic, operational and tactical level organizations involved in the munitions complex are defined. Chapter 3 encompasses munitions planning. Phases of munitions operations are presented along with their associated ammunition requirements and allocations. Ammunition planning factors and considerations in munitions planning are also described, as well as the forms of ammunition loads. Chapter 4 describes the distribution structure of the Army’s munitions support system. Ammunition units to include the ordnance (ammunition) battalion/combat sustainment support battalion (CSSB) headquarters, modular ammunition ordnance company and ammunition sections of the brigade support battalion (BSB) distribution company are discussed. Ammunition support activities (ASA) including the ammunition supply point (ASP) and ammunition transfer holding point (ATHP) are discussed. Finally, distribution enablers including platforms, communications and information systems are presented. Chapter 5 surveys munitions operations considerations for safety, environmental stewardship and protection, primarily for the commander and staff. ATP 4-35 replaces FM 4-30.1. Key changes include the implementation of unified land operations including the incorporation of the complementary sustainment warfighting function, levels of munitions support operations and their responsibilities, phases of munitions planning and operations to include requirements determination and munitions consumption formulae, force structure revisions and their associated changes to the munitions support and distribution structure, and the portrayal of the munitions information system digital architecture. iv ATP 4-35 5September 2014 Chapter 1 Munitions Operations Overview Munitions operations are fundamental to the discriminate lethality of the Army. Munitions operations require the direct application of integrated planning and operational art and are critical to the sustainment warfighting function. The span of general munitions operations encompasses requirements forecasting at the national industrial base to ammunition expenditure awareness of the Soldier. Munitions operations for commanders and staff focus on awareness of the munitions support system and execution of the operational and tactical levels of sustainment planning and distribution. The protection warfighting function as it relates to munitions is a separate function of ordnance and is discussed in ATP 4-32, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Operations. MUNITIONS IN UNIFIED LAND OPERATIONS 1-1. Unified land operations describes how the Army seizes, retains, and exploits the initiative to gain and maintain a position of advantage in sustained land operations through simultaneous offensive, defensive and stability operations in order to prevent or deter conflict, prevail in war, and create the conditions for favorable conflict resolution (ADP 3-0, Unified land Operations). 1-2. The tenet of lethality is fundamental to Army operations and a persistent requirement for Army organizations. Munitions operations allow commanders to discriminately apply the tenet of lethality to decisive action in unified land operations. 1-3. The sustainment warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that provide support and services to ensure freedom of action, extend operational reach, and prolong endurance (Army Doctrine Reference Publication [ADRP] 3-0, Unified Land Operations). Munitions operations are a function of the Ordnance Corps, executed under the logistics element of the sustainment warfighting function. The Ordnance Corps’ munitions organizations support the logistics element of the sustainment warfighting function by applying the principles of sustainment when executing munitions missions in support of unified land operations. Munitions are one of the Army’s most complex commodities to sustain. In order to execute requirements determination and supply operations, munitions support is a collaborative effort between operational and logistics organizations. MUNITIONS SUPPLY 1-4. Munitions operations require integration in depth, from the industrial base to the port of debarkation forward to the individual Soldier’s tactical point of need due to their unique characteristics. Munitions are a specialized supply commodity based on their very purpose which is to cause lethal injuries or damage to enemy personnel and equipment. Munitions supply is the most sensitive logistics operation due to criticality of need, inherent hazardousness of materials in handling (to store, survey, reconfigure, distribute, and maintain), requirement for regulatory security in distribution (to receive, transport, temporarily store, issue), and in retrograde (disposal, demilitarization). Munitions supply is always limited based on normative constraints that include their specialized design and purpose, quantities and locations of pre- positioned stocks, and authorization controls which may occur at all levels of command and may also be restricted by applicable regulation and security considerations. Munitions share many of the most challenging aspects of other classes of supply. A selection of further special considerations and distinctive factors for munitions operations includes the following:  Munitions operations and distribution requires particularly co-dependent action from both supported and supporting forces. 5 September 2014 ATP 4-35 1-1 Chapter 1  Munitions operations and distribution requires specialized administrative and technical expertise to conduct.  Munitions storage and supply activity management becomes more administratively complex and exponentially hazardous as type or quantity of stockpiles increase.  Munitions distribution methods differ for combat versus training operations.  Distribution and retrograde (to include ammunition surveillance and demilitarization procedures) are designed around protecting friendly forces from munitions hazards.  At the user level munitions become accountable items while retaining their sensitive attributes.  Select munitions remnants, residue and inert materials continue to remain sensitive and/or hazardous items after expenditure.  Military uniqueness, safety considerations, laws and governing regulations of most munitions precludes host nation procurement or local purchase opportunity.  Munitions require shelf-life consideration and prepositioned stockpiles must be meticulously maintained. 1-5. Munitions operations epitomize the sustainment of unified land operations as they necessitate interoperable forecasting, allocation and distribution networks permeating the strategic, operational and tactical levels of warfare through both sustainment units and their supported units. Munitions plans and operations enable offensive, defensive and stability or defense support of civil authorities tasks to be accomplished by providing the appropriate mix of munitions for lethal and nonlethal weapons. SUSTAINING OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE TASKS 1-6. Offensive tasks are those conducted to defeat and destroy enemy forces and seize terrain, resources, and population centers (ADRP 3-0). Defensive tasks are those conducted to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop conditions favorable for offensive or stability tasks (ADRP 3-0). Munitions operations support offensive and defensive tasks by providing anticipatory and synchronized ammunition and explosives support where and when they are required. SUSTAINING STABILITY TASKS OR SUPPORT TO CIVIL AUTHORITY TASKS 1-7. Stability tasks are those conducted as part of operations outside the United States in coordination with other instruments of national power to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure environment, provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief (Joint Publication [JP] 3-0, Joint Operations). Defense support of civil authorities is support provided by U S Federal military forces, Department of Defense civilians, Department of Defense contract personnel, Department of Defense component assets, and National Guard forces (when the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the governors of the affected states, elects and requests to use those forces in Title 32, United States Code, status) in response to requests for assistance from civil authorities for domestic emergencies, law enforcement support, and other domestic activities, or from qualifying entities for special events (JP 1-02). Munitions operations continue to support stability tasks in the same manner as support to offensive and defensive operations. Munitions operations in support of civil authority remain cognizant of the applicable United States (U.S.) code, regulations, and rules for the use of force when performing qualifying requested support operations. SUSTAINING JOINT OR MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS 1-8. Army ammunition units may support the requirements of other services, other U.S. government agencies, and allied or multinational forces. If authorized, resupply of coalition forces is normally governed by a prescriptive agreement. Planning must be coordinated with the various services and agencies involved to ensure adequacy of personnel, storage requirements, containers, materials handling equipment, accountability procedures, and safety to include explosives safety. Routinely, only small arms munitions and selected pyrotechnic devices are considered appropriate for joint common-user logistics support. Logistics plans and procedures may establish further combined common-user logistics munitions support based upon operational requirements and availability of munitions items. In all cases, extreme care must be 1-2 ATP 4-35 5September 2014 Munitions Operations Overview exercised in cross-referencing requisition data to ensure that the correct munitions are requisitioned. For further discussion see ATP 4-35.1, Techniques for Munitions Handlers. 1-9. For wartime host nation support; oversight of munitions operations conducted by a host nation will be the responsibility of the headquarters in which the operation occurs. The size and makeup of the munitions elements will be determined during the planning phase of the operation. Depending on mission, enemy, time, troops, terrain and civil considerations, the theater sustainment command (TSC) or expeditionary sustainment command (ESC) may maintain control of the munitions element directly or via a sustainment brigade. This unit at a minimum provides operational control over U.S. owned ammunition stocks received, stored, and issued by host nation units to U.S. units. THE ARMY MODULAR FORCE 1-10. The foundation of the Army’s modular munitions construct is the modular ammunition company. The modular ammunition company provides an ammunition support activity that is mobile and flexible. Ammunition support activities (ASAs) are locations that are designated to receive, store, maintain, and provide munitions support to Army forces. The concept of a mobile ASA is an evolution in munitions distribution dating back to the necessarily static Revolutionary War powder magazine. The purpose of a modular munitions construct is to allow maximum flexibility in force design and forces allocation to meet the most varied requirements of unified land operations. This flexibility is found in the modular ammunition ordnance company at echelons above brigade and its assigned ammunition platoons, and in the ammunition transfer and holding point section of the brigade support battalion. The ammunition transfer holding point (ATHP) is a designated site operated by a brigade support battalion distribution company where ammunition is received, transferred or temporarily stored to supported units within a brigade combat team. The structure and mission of the ATHP will be discussed in chapter 4. For additional information on the modular force see ADRP 3-0 and ADRP 4-0, Sustainment. CLASS V SUPPLY 1-11. Supply commodity class V is described as ammunition of all types (including chemical, radiological and special weapons), bombs, explosives, mines, fuses, detonators, pyrotechnics, missiles, rockets, propellants and other associated items (JP 4-09). A munition is a complete device charged with explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics, initiating composition or chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear materials, for use in operations, including demolitions (FM 4-30). Conventional ammunition is an end item, complete round, or materials component charged with explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics, or initiating composition for use in connection with defense or offense (including demolitions) as well as ammunition used for training, ceremonial, or non-operational purposes. This includes inert devices that replicate live ammunition, commonly referred to as dummy ammunition, which contain no explosive materials (Department of Defense Directive 5160.65, Single Manager for Conventional Ammunition). 1-12. The munitions supply mission is to provide the correct type and quantity of class V to the force as responsively as possible utilizing the minimum necessary handling and reconfiguration required. Operational and tactical situations may prioritize the supply or re-supply of class V over all other classes of supply. Munitions supply operations conducted during unified land operations requires integrated supported and supporting organizations who both have critical responsibilities in the munitions supply process. Both supported and supporting organizations co-own the process of munitions sustainment. These responsibilities are discussed in Chapter 2, Munitions Support System. 1-13. The central model of munitions supply operations is comprised of four essential actions. These essential actions are forecasting (also known as projection or requirements determination), requisition, distribution and retrograde. Throughout an operation these tasks may be performed sequentially or concurrently as required. 1-14. Each of the essential actions of munitions sustainment require integrated activity from both supported and supporting organizations in conventionally cooperative roles, with prescriptive actions, tasks or requirements to be performed. Supported headquarters normally lead forecasting, while requisition, distribution and retrograde are supporting organization lead actions. 5 September 2014 ATP 4-35 1-3 Chapter 1 FORECASTING 1-15. Operational requirements initiate class V sustainment. The weapons system munitions requirement drives the forecasting process. 1-16. The basic computation for determining the quantity of ammunition required is made by subtracting the current amount on-hand from projected operational expenditures over time, and applying any rate of operational or environmental resupply constraint or control (including projected increases or decreases to weapon systems quantity and type) to the resulting figure. This figure is normally expressed in rounds per weapon per day. Munitions forecasting is a critical input in all Army planning methodologies and will be discussed in chapter 3 munitions planning. REQUISITION 1-17. The physical requisition of munitions is conducted in either analog or digital form. Requisition is the formal ordering of munitions which follows a munitions forecast. Munitions requisition is a methodological process requiring both operational and logistics personnel actions as process owners. Both analog and digital requisition procedures are discussed in chapter 3 munitions planning and are detailed in ATP 4-35.1, Techniques for Munitions Handlers. DISTRIBUTION 1-18. Munitions distribution operations include receipt, preparation/reconfiguration/packing, transporting, initial issue and resupply/rearming operations and the management of those operations. The Army’s munitions supply architecture and distribution structure is built to enable safe, secure, efficient and effective delivery, storage, maintenance and ammunition surveillance. 1-19. Basic munitions distribution begins with a single Department of Defense Identification Code (DODIC) containerized load or break-bulk munitions shipment from the continental United States (CONUS) industrial base to a theater ammunition supply point where is it subject to reconfiguration and/or issue. An ammunition supply point is an ammunition support activity operated by one or more modular ammunition platoons. Ammunition at the theater ASP must be maintained by shipments from the CONUS or from other theater locations. From there, ammunition may be shipped to other ASPs where it is subject to further reconfiguration and/or issue. Next, the ammunition is transported to an ATHP where it may receive final pallet reconfiguration and/or issue, before moving to a class V section/unit supply section whereupon the munitions are issued to the user. 1-20. Basic munitions distribution is enhanced through the use of ammunition loads and by throughput distribution which is a method of distribution which bypasses one or more intermediate supply echelons in the supply system to avoid multiple handling (ATP 4-11). The munitions distribution structure is discussed in chapter 4, ammunition loads are discussed in chapter 3 of this manual. RETROGRADE 1-21. Retrograde is an aspect of distribution that is also an essential action of munitions sustainment. Munitions retrograde operations include all facets of munitions disposition. Unexpended and expended munitions materials whether serviceable or unserviceable, requires disposition throughout the entirety of an operation. Materials identified to be disposed of or retrograded (including inert, expended munitions remnants, residual materials or components) are normally expedited to an echelons above brigade ammunition supply point but may require some packaging and handling at an ammunition transfer holding point or within the unit prior to transporting. Proper adherence to retrograde procedures reduces the hazards and inefficiencies of stockpiling. Retrograde will be discussed in chapter 3 munitions planning. SUMMARY 1-22. Munitions operations bind the strategic, operational and tactical levels of war through the key actions of forecasting, requisition, distribution and retrograde of supply commodity class V, a combined process involving both supported and supporting organizations. Munitions operations are critical to the Army’s 1-4 ATP 4-35 5September 2014