Lecture Notes in Physics Editorial Board Japan Araki, H. Kyoto, .R Vienna, Austria Beig, .J Ehlers, Potsdam, Germany .U Frisch, France Nice, .K Hepp, Ziirich, Switzerland .R .L Cambridge, Jaffe, ,AM ASU Kippenhahn, R. G6ttingen, Germany H. .A Weidenmiiller, Heidelberg, Germany .J Mtinchen, Wess, Germany .J Zittartz, ,n16K Germany Managing Editor .W Beiglb6ck Assisted by Mrs. Sabine Lehr c/o Springer-Verlag, Physics Editorial Department II Tiergartenstrasse ,71 12196-D Heidelberg, Germany regnirpS Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong London Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo The Editorial Policy for Proceedings The series Lecture Notes in Physics reports new developments in physical research and teaching - quickly, informally, and at a high level.The proceedings to be considered for publication in thisse ries should be limited to only a faerwe as of research, andt hese should be closely related to each other. 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For further information please contact Springer-VePrhlyasgi,c s Editorial Department II, Tiergartenstrasse ,71 D-691zl Heidelberg, Germany .K Jungmann .J ikslawoK .I Reinhard .F regiifT ).sdE( Atomic Physics Methods in Modern Research Selection of Papers to Gisbert Dedicated uz Putlitz on the Occasion of sih Birthday 65th ~ Springer Editors Klaus Peter Jungmann Joachim Kowalski Irene Reinhard Physikalisches Institut, Universit~it Heidelberg Philosophenweg 21 D-6912o Heidelberg, Germany Frank Tr~ger Fachbereich Physik, Universit~t Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 4o 23143-D Kassel, Germany Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for. Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Atomic physics methods in modern research : selection of papers dedicated to Gisbert zu Putlitz on his 65th birthday / K. E Jungmann ... (ed.). - Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; Budapest ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Pads ; Santa Clara ; Singapore ; Tokyo : Springer, 1997 (Lecture notes in physics ; 499) ISBN 3-540-63716-8 ISSN oo75-845o 3-540-63716-8 ISBN Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved,whether thweh ole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustra- tions, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Vertag.Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publica- tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement,that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free forg eneral use. Typesetting: Camera-readbyy the authors/editors Cover design: ngised noitcudorp& GmbH, Heidelberg SPIN: 10643850 55/3144-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper Preface Many of the significant advances in the course of the development of atomic physics were associated with newly invented scientific methods and exper- imental tools. Today these techniques are successfully employed in a wide spread variety of highly active areas in modern research, which extend from investigations of fundamental interactions in physics to experiments related to applied issues and technical aspects. With increasing importance they are found in areas outside of classical atomic physics in fields such as nuclear and particle physics, physics of condensed matter and surfaces, physical chemistry, chemistry, medicine and environmental research. The spectrum of methods includes among others optical and microwave spectroscopy, molecular beams, spin resonance, spin echo, particle trapping and tunneling microscopy. Laser spectroscopy is one example of a widely used technique: The fun- damental process of light interacting with single atomic particles can be in- vestigated especially profitably. Laser spectroscopy is essential in many high precision experiments for determining most accurate values of fundamental constants and for deriving conclusions on basic interactions which are com- plementary to results obtained in high energy physics. Optical properties of molecules, small clusters and bulk solid state material can be investigated both for revealing elementary processes and for studying, for example, new concepts of optical data storage. Processes in combustion devices can be char- acterized. Remote sensing of environmental pollution can be carried out with high sensitivity. Laser optical pumping of noble gases nowadays yields novel opportunities for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in medical diagnostics. In February 1996 an international symposium on Atomic Physics Meth- ods in Modern Research was held in Heidelberg on the occasion of the 65th birthday of Professor Gisbert zu Putlitz. In his scientific work atomic physics with its great diversity of facets has played an essential role with numerous significant contributions being highly esteemed by the community. The na- ture of the event inspired the authors of this volume, which is dedicated to Gisbert zu Putlitz. It comprises invited lectures and articles selected to give an overview of the manifold of developments in this area. VI The editors would like to thank all authors for their articles and W. Beigl- bSck for publishing this volume. The assistance of T. Katzenmaier, C. Kr~imer, E. Nowak and M. Zinser of the Physikalisches Institut der Universit~it Heidel- berg in preparing this volume is gratefully acknowledged. Financial support for bringing the authors together was provided by the Stiftung Universit~it Heidelberg and the companies ABB, BASF, Fibro, Friatec, Lambda Physics, Spectra Physics and B. Struck. We are grateful to all of them. Heidelberg, August 1997 K. Jungmann J. Kowalski I. Reinhard F. Tr/iger Contents Two-Photon Method for Metrology in Hydrogen B. Cagnac ............................................................. 1 High Precision Atomic Spectroscopy of Muonium and Simple Muonic Atoms V. W. Hughes ......................................................... 12 Muonium Atom as a Probe of Physics Beyond the Standard Model L. Willmann and K. Jungmann ....................................... 34 Can Atoms Trapped in Solid He Be Used to Search for Physics Beyond the Standard Model? A. Weis, S. Kanorsky, S. Land and T.W. H~insch ..................... 75 g-Factors of Subatomic Particles B.L. Roberts ......................................................... 77 Laser Spectroscopy of Metastable Antiprotonic Helium Atomcules T. Yamazaki ......................................................... 59 Polarized, Compressed SHe-Gas and Its Applications E. Often ............................................................ 501 Medical NMR Sensing with Laser Polarized 3He and eX921 W. Happer .......................................................... 121 Test of Special Relativity in a Heavy Ion Storage Ring G. Huber, R. Grieser, P. Merz, .V Sebastian, P. Seelig, M. Grieser, P. Grimm, T. Kiihl, D. Schwalm and D. Habs ....................... 131 Resonance Fluorescence of a Single Ion J.T. Hb'ffges, H.W. Baldauf, T. Eichler, S.R. Helm#led and H. Walther ..................................................... 141 Resonance Raman Studies of the Relaxation of Photoexcited Molecules in Solution on the Picosecond Timescale W.T. Toner, P. Matousek, A.W. Parker and M. Towrie ............. 151 Four-Quantum RF-Resonance in the Ground State of an Alkaline Atom E.B. Alexandrov and A.S. Pazgalev .................................. t59 VIII Hard Highly Directional X-Radiation Emitted By a Charged Particle Moving in a Carbon Nanotube V. V. Klimov and V.S. Letokhov ..................................... 761 Quasiclassical Approximation in the Theory of Scattering of Polarized Atoms E.L Dashevskaya and E.E. Nikitin ................................... 581 Ion Beam Inertial Fusion R. Bock ............................................................. 112 Spin-Echo Experiments with Neutrons and with Atomic Beams G. Schraidt and D. Dubbers .......................................... 132 A New Generation of Light Sources for Applications in Spectroscopy M. Inguscio, F.S. Cataliotti, C.- Fort, F.S. Pavone and M. Prevedelli ................................................... 542 Remote Sensing of the Environment Using Laser Radar Techniques M. Andersson, E. Edner, J. Johansson, S. Svanberg, E. WaUinder and P. Weibring .................................................... 752 Applied Laser Spectrocopy in Combustion Devices V. Sick and J. Wolfrum ............................................. 172 The Surface of Liquid Helium - an Unusual Substrate for Unusual Coulomb Systems P. Leiderer .......................................................... 382 Aspects of Laser-Assisted Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Thin Organic Layers S. GrafstrSm, J. Kowalski and R. Neumann ......................... 592 Optical Spectroscopy of Metal Clusters M. VoUmer .......................................................... 113 New Concepts for Information Storage Based on Color Centres A. Winnacker ....................................................... 533 Excitons and Radiation Damage in Alkali Halides K. Schwartz ......................................................... 153 Polarization of Negative Muons Implanted in the Fullerene C60: Speculations About a Null Result A. Schenck, F.N. Gyax, A. Amato, M. Pinkpank, A. Lappas and K. Prassides .................................................... 763 Positronium in Condensed Matter Studies with Spin-Polarized Positrons J. Major, A. Seeger, J. Ehmann and T. Gessmann ................... 183 IX Light-Induced Liberation of Atoms and Molecules from Solid Surfaces F. Tr@er ........................................................... 423 On the Shoulders of Giants - Early History of Hyperfine Structure Spectroscopy. For Gisbert zu Putlitz P. Br/x ............................................................. 439 Two-Photon Method for Metrology in Hydrogen Bernard Cagnac Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Ecole Normale Sup~rieure et Universitfi Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France 1 Introduction The history of two-photon transitions (E2-E1 = 2hw) starts with the begin- ning of quantum mechanics, during this fascinating period around nineteen thirty when all the modern physics was born. The calculation of the two- photon processes was one of the first applications of the time dependent per- turbation theory. It was pub!ished in Annalen der Physik in 1931 as the thesis of Maria GSppert-Mayer "Uber Elementarakte mit zwei Quantenspriingen" ]1[ at the University of GSttingen in Germany. At the end of the paper she thanks professor Born and Weisskopf. Owing to the relatively small probability of such processes, the experi- mental realization requires a high intensity oft he electromagnetic wave. This is the reason why the first experimental observations where done in the ra- diofrequency range [2,3]. In the optical range, the ruby laser opened in 1961 the era of multiphoton excitation with the experiment of Kaiser and Garret ]4[ between braod bands in a crystal. The first precise experiment between narrow atomic levels was done by Abella in Cs vapour using thermal tuning of the ruby laser [5]. From 1968 on, the realization of the really tunable dye laser permitted easier experiments ]6[ and was followed by an explosion of the number of experiments in atomic physics. 2 Two-Photon Method Figure 1 represents the energy diagram for the process of two-photon absorp- tion, showing the energy defect hAwr = (Er - El) - h~ of the intermediate relay level .rE The square of this energy defect (z~wr) 2 appears in the de- nominator of the transition probability, calculated in the perturbation theory to 2 nd order. (Strictly speaking, it is necessary to carry out the summation over all other levels, but often only one Er has an important contribution). One must compensate the big term (Awr) 2 (the energy defect) in the denominator by a high intensity of the light beam. For that, you can enclose the atoms between two mirrors forming a Fabry Perot cavity. Then the atoms are exposed to two light beams travelling in opposite directions: forward and