ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT Volume 28 1994 Volume Contents, Author Index and Subject Index @) Percamon ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT EXECUTIVE EDITORS Dr P. Brimblecombe, Norwich, U.K. Dr A. S. Lefohn, Helena, MT Prof. R. D. Bornstein, San Jose, CA (with Dr H. B. Singh, Moffett Field, CA special responsibility for Urban Atmosphere) ASSOCIATE EDITORS Dr H. M. ApSimon, London, U.K. Prof. Dr Ir. F. T. M. Nieuwstadt, Delft, Prof. D. Azimi-Garakani, Tehran, Iran The Netherlands Prof. Dr P. J. H. Builtjes, De/ft, Dr T. Okita, /baraki, Japan The Netherlands Dr L. P. Prahm, Roskilde, Denmark Prof. P. K. Dasgupta, Lubbock, TX Dr A. G. Robins, Guildford, U.K. Dr D. G. Fox, Fort Collins, CO Prof. V. C. Runeckles, Vancouver, Canada Dr J. A. Garland, Harwell, U.K. Dr S. E. Schwartz, Upton, NY Dr D. F. Gatz, Champaign, IL Prof. R. S. Scorer, London, U.K. Dr R. M. Harrison, Birmingham, U.K. Prof. J. H. Seinfeld, Pasadena, CA Dr C. S. Hirtzel, Syracuse, NY Prof. M. P. Singh, New Delhi, India Prof. Dr H. Horvath, Wien, Austria Dr W. G. N. Slinn, Richland, WA Dr J. C. R. Hunt, Cambridge, U.K. Dr F. B. Smith, Bracknell, U.K. Prof. O. Hutzinger, Bayreuth, Germany Dr K. Spurny, Grafschaft, Germany Dr D. J. Jacob, Cambridge, MA Dr K. Takeuchi. Tokyo, Japan Dr W. Jaeschke, Frankfurt, Germany Dr D. T. Tingey, Corvallis, OR Dr Y. Y. Jiang, Shanghai, China Prof. M. H. Unsworth, Corvallis, OR rof. W. Klug, Darmstadt, Germany Dr H. van Dop, Utrecht, The Netherlands Dr O. Lindqvist, Géteborg, Sweden Dr P. Warneck, Mainz, Germany Dr A. Longhetto, Turin, Italy Dr D. M. Whelpdale, Ontario, Canada Prof. J. E. Lovelock, Reading, U.K. Dr D. J. Williams, North Ryde, Australia Dr E. Mészaros, Veszprem, Hungary Dr W. E. Wilson, Research Triangle Park, NC Dr P. Zannetti, Menlo Park, CA ASSISTANT EDITOR FORMER EXECUTIVE EDITOR Dr J. F. Austin, Norwich, U.K. Dr D. J. Moore (1967-1989) EDITOR EMERITUS Dr J. P. Lodge Jr, Boulder, CO Dr M. Benarie, Grenoble, France Dr P. J. 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Second class postage paid at Newark, NJ, and additional mailing offices. Postmaster send address corrections to Elsevier Science Inc., 660 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-5153, U.S.A. © 1994 Elsevier Science Ltd CONTENTS OF VOLUME 28 Number | Surface Ozone A. S. Lefohn | Introduction: the special issue of Atmospheric Environment on surface ozone C. Cartalis and C. Varotsos Surface ozone in Athens, Greece, at the begin- ning and at the end of the twentieth century S. J. Oltmans and H. Levy II Surface ozone measurements from a global network Young Sunwoo, G. R. Carmichael Characteristics of background surface ozone in and H. Ueda Japan J. F. Austin and R. P. Midgley The climatology of the jet stream and strato- spheric intrusions of ozone over Japan T. D. Davies and E. Schuepbach Episodes of high ozone concentrations at the Earth’s surface resulting from transport down from the upper troposphere/lower strato- sphere: a review and case studies V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff and Layer enhancements of tropospheric ozone in E. V. A. Marinho regions of biomass burning J. Staehelin, J. Thudium, R. Buehler, Trends in surface ozone concentrations at A. Volz-Thomas and W. Graber Arosa (Switzerland) U. Pedersen and A. S. Lefohn Characterizing surface ozone concentrations in Norway T. Laurila and H. Lattila Surface ozone exposures measured in Finland J. S. Bower, K. J. Stevenson, Assessing recent surface ozone concentrations G. F. J. Broughton, J. E. Lampert, in the U.K. B. P. Sweeney and J. Wilken J. P. Beck and P. Grennfelt Estimate of ozone production and destruction over northwestern Europe P.R. Miller, M. de Lourdes de Bauer, Comparison of ozone exposure characteristics A. Q. Nolasco and T. H. Tejeda in forested regions near Mexico City and Los Angeles D. Kley, H. Geiss and V. A. Mohnen Tropospheric ozone at elevated sites and pre- cursor emissions in the United States and Europe Chung-Ming Liu, Ching-Ya Huang, Important meteorological parameters for Shinn-Liang Shieh and ozone episodes experienced in the Taipei Basin Ching-Chi Wu News and Opinions Introduction Calendar Information for Contributors Contents Number 2 N. L. Rose and S. Juggins 177 A spatial relationship between carbonaceous particles in lake sediments and sulphur deposition J. F. Pankow An absorption model of gas/particle partition- ing of organic compounds in the atmosphere J. F. Pankow An absorption model of the gas/aerosol parti- tioning involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosol J. C. Dechaux, V. Zimmermann Sensitivity analysis of the requirements of and V. Nollet rate coefficients for the operational models of photochemical oxidants formation in the troposphere H. Akimoto and H. Narita Distribution of SO,, NO, and CO, emissions from fuel combustion and industrial activities in Asia with 1° x 1° resolution J. C. Little, A. T. Hodgson and Modeling emissions of volatile organic A. J. Gadgil compounds from new carpets Z. Klimont, M. Amann, J. Cofala, An emission inventory for the Central F. Gyarfas, G. Klaassen and European Initiative 1988 W. Schépp R. M. Harrison and I. M. Msibi Validation of techniques for fast response measurement of HNO, and NH, and deter- mination of the [NH,] [HNO,] concentration product M. J. Post, T. Glaes, J. Matta, A lidar technique to quantify surface depo- D. Sommerville and W. Einfeld sition from atmospheric releases of bulk liquids R. M. Eckman Re-examination of empirically derived for- mulas for horizontal diffusion from surface sources M. Z. Jacobson and R. P. Turco SMVGEAR: a sparse-matrix, vectorized Gear code for atmospheric models J. Brosseau and M. Heitz Trace gas compound emissions from municipal landfill sanitary sites V. Verges-Belmin Pseudomorphism of gypsum after calcite, a new textural feature accounting for the marble sulphation mechanism L. Poissant and P. Béron Parameterized rainwater quality model in urban environment H. Sievering, G. Enders, L. Kins, Nitric acid, particulate nitrate and ammonium G. Kramm, K. Ruoss, G. Roider, profiles at the Bayerischer Wald: evidence for M. Zelger, L. Anderson and R. Dlugi large deposition rates of total nitrate C. A. Gordon, R. Herrera and Studies of fog events at two cloud forests T. C. Hutchinson near Caracas, Venezuela—I. Frequency and duration of fog C. A. Gordon, R. Herrera and Studies of fog events at two cloud forests near T. C. Hutchinson Caracas, Venezuela—II. Chemistry of fog Contents Vv L. Poissant, J.-P. Schmit and 339 Trace inorganic elements in rainfall in the P. Béeron Montreal Island W. C. Malm, K. A. Gebhart, 347 Examining the relationship between atmo- J. Molenar, T. Cahill, R. Eldred spheric aerosols and light extinction at Mount and D. Huffman Rainier and North Cascades National Parks Technical Notes T. J. Murphy and C. W. Sweet Contamination of Teflon surfaces by PCBs in the atmosphere P. Masia, V. Di Palo and Uptake of ammonia by nylon filters in filter M. Possanzini pack systems Short Communications H. Sievering, E. Gorman, Y. Kim, Heterogeneous conversion contribution to the T. Ley, W. Seidl and J. Boatman sulfate observed over Lake Michigan S. Straja The importance of the pollutant dispersion along the nominal wind direction Corrigendum News and Opinions Introduction Calendar Number 3 A. J. Policastro, W. E. Dunn 379 A model for seasonal and annual cooling tower and R. A. Carhart impacts R. N. Colvile, T. W. Choularton, 397 Observation on Great Dun Fell of the path- M. W. Gallagher, A. J. Wicks, ways by which oxides of nitrogen are converted R. M. Downer, B. J. Tyler, to nitrate K. J. Storeton-West, D. Fowler, J. N. Cape, G. J. Dollard, T. J. Davies, B. M. R. Jones, S. A. Penkett, B. J. Bandy and R. A. Burgess R. L. Bennett, L. Stockburger Comparison of sulfur measurements from a and H. M. Barnes regional Fine Particle Network with con- current Acid MODES network results G. D. Hayman, M. E. Jenkin, Tropospheric degradation chemistry of T. P. Murrells and C. E. Johnson HCFC-123 (CF;,CHCI,): a proposed replace- ment chlorofluorocarbon H. Elias, U. Gétz and Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of K. J. Wannowius sulfur(IV) by peroxomonosulfuric acid anion R. Sempéré and K. Kawamura Comparative distributions of dicarboxylic acids and related polar compounds in snow, rain and aerosols from urban atmosphere J. S. Bower, G. F. J. Broughton, A winter NO, smog episode in the U.K. J. R. Stedman and M. L. Williams VI Contents G. W. Campbell, J. R. Stedman 477 A survey of nitrogen dioxide concentrations and K. Stevenson in the United Kingdom using diffusion tubes, July-December 1991 J. W. Erisman, B. G. van Elzakker, The Elspeetsche Veld experiment on surface M. G. Mennen, J. Hogenkamp, exchange of trace gases: summary of results E. Zwart, L. van den Beld, F. G. Romer, R. Bobbink, G. Heil, M. Raessen, J. H. Duyzer, H. Verhage, G. P. Wyers, R. P. Otjes and J. J. MGls R. M. Harrison, Z. Zlatev A comparison of the predictions of an Eulerian and C. J. Ottley atmospheric transport-chemistry model with experimental measurements over the North Sea F. Martin, F. Valero and On the response of the background atmos- J. A. Garcia-Miguel pheric CO, growth rate to the anomalies of the sea-surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean A. S. Wexler, F. W. Lurmann Modelling urban and regional aerosols—I. and J. H. Seinfeld Model development R. L. Falconer and T. F. Bidleman Vapor pressures and predicted particle/gas distributions of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners as functions of temperature and ortho-chlorine substitution O. R. Bullock Jr A computationally efficient method for the characterization of sub-grid-scale precipitation variability for sulfur wet removal estimates Technical Note M. Whalen, J. N. Driscoll Detection of aromatic hydrocarbons in the and C. D. Wood atmosphere at ppt levels News and Opinions Introduction Calendar Book Review J. P. Lodge Jr Number 4 D. W. Clow and G. P. Ingersoll 575 Particulate carbonate matter in snow from selected sites in the south-central Rocky Mountains H. Kaupp, J. Towara and Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p- M. S. McLachlan dioxins and dibenzofurans in atmospheric particulate matter with respect to particle size S. F. Mueller and R. E. Imhoff Estimates of particle formation and growth in coal-fired boiler exhaust—I. Observations S. F. Mueller and R. E. Imhoff Estimates of particle formation and growth in coal-fired boiler exhaust—II. Theory and model simulations Contents Vil T. Tirabassi and U. Rizza 611 Applied dispersion modelling for ground-level concentrations from elevated sources B. Dupré, Ph. Négrel, F. Seimbille 617 *§r/®Sr ratio variation during a rain event and C. J. Allegre H. Horvath, G. Metzig, O. Preining Observation of a blue sun over New Mexico, and R. F. Pueschel U.S.A., on 19 April 1991 H. Nitta, M. Ichikawa, M. Sato, A new approach based on a covariance struc- S. Konishi and M. Ono ture model to source apportionment of indoor fine particles in Tokyo R. G. Harrison and H. M. ApSimon Krypton-85 pollution and atmospheric electricity H. M. ApSimon, R. F. Warren and The abatement strategies assessment model— J. J. N. Wilson ASAM: applications to reductions of sulphur dioxide emissions across Europe H. M. ApSimon, B. M. Barker and Modelling studies of the atmospheric release S. Kayin and transport of ammonia in anticyclonic episodes R. W. Allott, M. Kelly and A model of environmental behaviour of con- C. N. Hewitt taminated dust and its application to determin- ing dust fluxes and residence times Zhao Dianwu and Wang Anpu Estimation of anthropogenic ammonia emis- sions in Asia C. P. Wake, J. E. Dibb, The chemical composition of aerosols over the P. A. Mayewski, Li Zhongqin and eastern Himalayas and Tibetan plateau during Xie Zichu low dust periods C. M. Romo-Kréger, J. R. Morales, Heavy metals in the atmosphere coming from M. I. Dinator, F. Llona and a copper smelter in Chile L. C. Eaton K. J. Allwine and C. D. Whiteman Single-station integral measures of atmospheric stagnation, recirculation and ventilation R. H. Myrick, S. K. Sakiyama, Seasonal mixing heights and inversions at R. P. Angle and H. S. Sandhu Edmonton, Alberta D. H. Lowenthal, B. Zielinska, Characterization of heavy-duty diesel vehicle Z. C. Chow, J. G. Watson, emissions M . Gautam, D. H. Ferguson, G. R. Neuroth and K. D. Stevens Preliminary Communication B. C. Faust and J. M. Allen Sunlight-initiated partial inhibition of the dis- solved iron(III)-catalysed oxidation of S(IV) species by molecular oxygen in aqueous solution News and Opinions Introduction Calendar Conference Report D. N. Asimakopoulos Book Reviews J. P. Lodge Jr Contents Number 5 CONFERENCE ON VISIBILITY AND FINE PARTICLES VIENNA, AUSTRIA, 15-18 SEPTEMBER 1992 H. Horvath 755 Conference on Visibility and Fine Particles in Vienna, 15-18 September 1992: an overview H. Horvath 757 Remarks and suggestions on nomenclature and symbols in atmospheric optics Section I: Atmospheric optics and image transfer I. L. Katsev and E. P. Zege 763 The modern theory of black object visibility and meteorological visibility range C. Rozé, B. Maheu, G. Gréhan 769 Evaluations of the sighting distance in a foggy and J. Ménard atmosphere by Monte Carlo simulation M. Kocifaj 777 Solving the diffusion of solar radiation in the atmosphere and identifying the aerosol structure M. Wendisch and Possibility of refractive index determination of W. von Hoyningen-Huene atmospheric aerosol particles by ground-based solar extinction and scattering measurements Section IT: In-cloud transformation of particles V. Ulevicius, S. Trakumas and 795 Aerosol size distribution transformation in fog A. Girgzdys Section III: Humidity influence on particle growth and visibility W. E. Wilson and P. C. Reist 803 A PC-based Mie scattering program for theor- etical investigations of the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols as a function of compo- sition and relative humidity E.-M. Uhlig, M. Stettler and Experimental studies on the variability of the W. von Hoyningen-Huene extinction coefficient by different air masses B. A. Nilsson Model of the relation between aerosol extinc- tion and meterological parameters M. L. Pitchford and P. H.M cMurry Relationship between measured water vapor growth and chemistry of atmospheric aerosol for Grand Canyon, Arizona, in winter 1990 K. A. Gebhart, W. C. Malm and Examination of the effects of sulfate acidity D. Day and relative humidity on light scattering at Shenandoah National Park J. F. Sisler and W. C. Malm The relative importance of soluble aerosols to spatial and seasonal trends of impaired visibility in the United States Section IV: Light absorption by aerosol particles T. Raunemaa, U. Kikas and 865 Observation of submicron aerosol, black car- T. Bernotas bon and visibility degradation in remote area at temperature range from —24 to 20°C G. W. Mulholland and N. P. Bryner 873 Radiometric model of the transmission cell- reciprocal nephelometer R. A. Dobbins, G. W. Mulholland 889 Comparison of a fractal smoke optics model and N. P. Bryner with light extinction measurements Contents IX Section V: Measuring methods and networks M. Gazzi, V. Vicentini and 901 A field experiment on contrast reduction law U. Bonafé W. H. White, E. S. Macias, 909 Size-resolved measurements of light scattering R. C. Nininger and D. Schorran by ambient particles in the southwestern U.S.A. W. von Hoyningen-Huene and Variability of aerosol optical parameters by M. Wendisch advective processes A. Thomas and J. Gebhart Correlations between gravimetry and light scattering photometry for atmospheric aerosols H. Tang, E. A. Lewis, Determination of the particle size distribution D. J. Eatough, R. M. Burton and chemical composition of semi-volatile or- and R. J. Farber ganic compounds in atmospheric fine particles with a diffusion denuder sampling system Section VI: Airplane and space observations, solar photometry R. F. Pueschel, J. M. Livingston, 951 Aerosol abundances and optical characteristics G. V. Ferry and T. E. DeFelice in the Pacific Basin free troposphere J. Lukaé 961 Trend of solar radiation attenuation by atmos- pheric aerosols V. E. Cachorro and A. M. de Frutos 963 Retrieval of atmospheric aerosol character- istics from visible extinction data at Valladolid (Spain) A. A. Galal and R. H. Hamid 973 On the instability of atmospheric optics in polluted areas V. Cuomo, C. Serio, F. Esposito 977 A differential absorption technique in the near and G. Pavese infra-red to determine precipitable water Section VII: Trends in visibility and fine particles, including urban data A. Trier and L. Firinguetti 991 A time series investigation of visibility in an urban atmosphere—I V. N. Aref’ev and V. K. Semenov 997 Spectral transparency of the atmosphere in the center of the European—Asian continent R. A. Stuart and R. M. Hoff 1001 Airport visibility in Canada—revisited R. A. Eldred and T. A. Cahill 1009 Trends in elemental concentrations of fine par- ticles at remote sites in the United States of America Section VIII: Response of visibility to emission changes W. C. Malm, J. Trijonis, 1023 Assessing the effect of SO, emission changes on J. Sisler, M. Pitchford and visibility R. L. Dennis W. H. White, E. S. Macias, On the potential of regional-scale emissions J. D. Kahl, P. J. Samson, zoning as an air quality ‘management tool for J. V. Molenar and W. C. Malm the Grand Canyon Section IX: Physiological optics M. L. Pitchford and W. C. Malm Development and applications of a standard visual index J. V. Molenar, W. C. Malm and Visual air quality simulation techniques C. E. Johnson xX Contents R. C. Henry, T. Shibata and 1065 Construction and operation of a video-based D. Chitwood visual colorimeter for atmospheric research Section X: Physics of aerosols N. Zhang, Y. C. Chang, The potential use of sequences of Fibonacci R. V. Calabrese and J. W. Gentry series to simulate breakage and agglomeration News and Opinions Introduction Calendar Number 6 A. Karlsson, K. Irgum and 1083 Trace-level standard for gaseous nitric acid P. Lindgren based on sublimation of ammonium nitrate R. M. Harrison and A.-M. N. Kitto 1089 Evidence for a surface source of atmospheric nitrous acid H. Boudries, G. Toupance and 1095 Seasonal variation of atmospheric nonmethane A. L. Dutot hydrocarbons on the western coast of Brittany, France R. L. Tanner and B. Zielinska Determination of the biogenic emission rates of species contributing to VOC in the San Joaquin Valley of California M. A. Nilles, J. D. Gordon and The precision of wet atmospheric deposition L. J. Schroder data from National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network sites deter- mined with collocated samplers D.-S. Kim, V. P. Aneja and Characterization of nitrogen oxide fluxes from W. P. Robarge soil of a fallow field in the central Piedmont of North Carolina J. L. Jaffrezo, M. P. Clain and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the polar P. Masclet ice of Greenland. Geochemical use of these atmospheric tracers M. L. Sanchez and J. Sanz Application of discriminant analysis to inter- pret the behaviour of photochemical oxidants in an urban area D. E. Oram and S. A. Penkett Observations in eastern England of elevated methyl iodide concentrations in air of Atlantic origin B. J. Johnson, S. C. Huang, Seasonal trends of nitric acid, particulate M. LeCave and M. Porterfield nitrate, and particulate sulfate concentrations at a southwestern U.S. mountain site . Klemm, A. S. Bachmeier, Fog chemistry at the New England coast: WwW . Talbot and K. I. Klemm influence of air mass history . O. Edney, D. J. Driscoll, Laboratory investigations of interactions of W. Corse and F. T. Blanchard irradiated o-xylene/NO, /SO, /air mixtures with aqueous media containing sodium fluoride, sodium trifluoroacetate, ammonium nitrate and hydrogen peroxide