Flavio Ruffi natto · Alan Crivellaro Atlas of Macroscopic Wood Identifi cation With a Special Focus on Timbers Used in Europe and CITES-listed Species Atlas of Macroscopic Wood Identification Flavio Ruffinatto • Alan Crivellaro Atlas of Macroscopic Wood Identification With a Special Focus on Timbers Used in Europe and CITES-listed Species Flavio Ruffinatto Alan Crivellaro Department TeSAF Department of Geography University of Padova University of Cambridge Legnaro, IT Cambridge, UK ISBN 978-3-030-23565-9 ISBN 978-3-030-23566-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23566-6 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgments We hereby acknowledge the following people and organizations for providing specimens for this book: Hans Beeckman (Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium), Nicola Macchioni (IBE-CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy), Alex C. Wiedenhoeft (USDA Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA). The University of Padova (Italy), Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), provided financial support. v Contents Part I B asics of Wood Structure, Materials and Methods, Identification Key 1 Plans of Observation and Wood Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Specimen Preparation and Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4 Definition of Macroscopic Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5 Identification Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Part II W ood Specifications 6 Wood Specifications A–B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7 Wood Specifications C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 8 Wood Specifications D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 9 Wood Specifications E–J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 10 Wood Specifications K–N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 11 Wood Specifications O–P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 12 Wood Specifications Q–S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343 13 Wood Specifications T–Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385 List of Described Species Sorted by Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 vii Introduction Wood identification is a subject of interest in several fields: forestry, wood industry, cultural heritage, civil and criminal forensics, chain of custody verification and archaeology, just to name some. Interest in this tool has been increasingly growing in the field of global timber trade control, driven by laws and regulations aimed at tackling international illegal logging and promoting global forest species protection: CITES, Canadian Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act (1992), US Lacey Act (amended 2008), EU Timber Regulation (2010) and Australian Illegal Logging Prohibition Act (2012). Wood identification in fact is one of the crucial steps to verify timber legality and it is typically one of the first applied to wood products (Dormont et al. 2015). Currently, wood identification is mainly performed through microscopic analysis, a time-consuming and highly specialised laboratory-based practice, which requires a lot of training and access to specific equipment and reference collections. Since a few years other methods, such as near-infrared spectroscopy, extractive analysis and DNA analysis, have started to be employed in wood identification, but their applicability is still to be fully assessed and access to most of these techniques is likely to be restricted to specialised laboratories as well. The first stage of wood identification, however, is not represented by specialised laboratories, but by people acting on the field. A border agent operating in a harbour, for instance, might determine the illegality of a shipment of wood directly in situ by visual inspection. In the last few decades, wood anatomists started to develop tools based on macroscopic and non-anatomical rather than microscopic wood characters. Different macroscopic wood identi- fication products have been released, including books, scientific papers, laboratory identifica- tion manuals, field identification manuals, pamphlets, posters and a range of electronic media, including electronic copies of paper publications and interactive software keys and atlases. Some of these products cover general wood identification (FPPRL 1952; Hoadley 1990; Ilic 1990; Richter and Oelker 2002), others include CITES-listed timber species (CITES 2002; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 2006; Garrett et al. 2010; Richter et al. 2014) and others focus on regional commercial timber species (Benoit and Dirol 2000; Safdari et al. 2008; Safdari and Devall 2009; Coradin et al. 2010; Wiedenhoeft 2011). An even broader body of literature from ear- lier decades, much of which is restricted to individual countries, states or provinces, already exists. However, despite the large number of published products, a standard macroscopic features terminology has been long lacking, with the consequent fragmentation and reduced efficacy of the above-listed efforts. Moreover, some electronic media are no longer running on modern computers. Only recently, following the path of the IAWA (International Association of Wood Anatomists) lists of microscopic features for hardwood and softwood identification (IAWA Committee 1989, IAWA Committee 2004), Ruffinatto et al. (2015) contributed to fill the gap by publishing a proposed list of macroscopic features for hardwood and softwood identification. With this atlas the authors finally put into practice the aforementioned list by describing 335 wood species commonly introduced in the European timber market from all over the world and by providing identification keys for their identification. Overall 292 different genera are repre- sented, including CITES-listed timbers. Each wood description includes a low-magnification (10×) photograph of the transverse surface, a list of its macroscopic characters as well as ix x Introduction information about physical and mechanical properties, natural durability, end uses, environ- mental sustainability and possible related misleading commercial names. Furthermore, each genus is described in terms of number of species, geographical distribution and main commer- cial timbers, and details are given about to what extent timbers within the genus can be typi- cally identified through macroscopic and microscopic analysis, if any. The atlas will be a valuable guide for all the agents in charge for timber verification, as those involved in the European Timber Regulation enforcement and CITES inspections, as well as for wood scientists, foresters, wood sellers, wood restorers and any wood worker and wood passionate interested in a fast and reliable tool for wood identification. References Benoit Y, Dirol D (2000) Le coffret de reconnaissance de bois de France. In: Edition Eyrolles, Centre Technique du bois et de l’ameublement (CTBA). France, Paris CITES (2002) CITES Identification Guide—Tropical Woods. Wildlife Enforcement and Intelligence Division, Enforcement Branch, Environment Canada. Environment Canada, Ottawa Coradin VTR, Camargos JAA, Pastore TCM, Christo AG (2010) Madeiras Comerciais do Brasil: chave interativa de identificação baseada em caracteres gerais e macroscópicos Dormont EE, Boner M, Braun B, Breulmann G, Degen B, Espinoza E, Gardner S, Guillery P, Hermanson JC, Kock G, Lee SL, Kanashiro M, Rimbawanto A, Thomas D, Wiedenhoeft AC, Yin Y, Zahnen J, Lowe AJ (2015) Forensic timber identifications: It’s time to integrate disciplines to combat illegal logging. Biol Conserv 191:790–798 FPRL (1952) Identification of hardwoods. A lens key. H.M. Stationery Office, London Garrett L, McGough N, Groves M, Clarke G (2010) CITES & Timber: Ramin. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Hoadley RB (1990) Identifying wood: accurate results with simple tools. The Taunton Press, Newtown, CT IAWA Committee (1989) IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. IAWA Bull. n.s. 10:219–332 IAWA Committee (2004) IAWA list of microscopic features for softwood identification. IAWA J 25:1–70 Ilic J (1990) CSIRO Macro key for hardwood identification. CSIRO, Highett Richter HG, Gembruch K, Koch G (2014) 2014 onwards. CITESwoodID: descriptions, illus- trations, identification, and information retrieval. In English, French, German, and Spanish. Version: 19th February 2014 Richter HG, Oelker M (2002) 2002 onwards. MacroHOLZdata Commercial timbers: descrip- tions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. In English and German. Version: October 2002 Ruffinatto F, Crivellaro A, Wiedenhoeft AC (2015) Review of macroscopic features for hard- wood and softwood identification and a proposal for a new character list. IAWA J 36(2):208–241 Safdari V, Ahmed M, Palmer J, Baig MB (2008) Identification of Iranian commercial wood with hand lens. Pak J Bot 40:1851–1864 Safdari V, Devall MS (2009) Elementary software for the hand lens identification of some common Iranian woods. IAWA J 30:81–86 USDA-APHIS-PPQ (2006) CITES I-II-III Timber species manual. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth?1dmy&urile=wcm%3a path%3a%2Faphis_content_library%2Fsa_our_focus%2Fsa_plant_health%2Fsa_ manuals%2Fct_online_manuals Wiedenhoeft AC (2011) Identificación de las Especies Maderables de Centroamérica. Identification of Central American Woods. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI Part I Basics of Wood Structure, Materials and Methods, Identification Key Plans of Observation and Wood 1 Structure Plans of Observation The definition of wood can vary depending on the context: from a botanical point of view wood is the product of the secondary growth of a plant, but not all plants produce wood that can be employed as a material. To accomplish the practi- cal aim of this book, wood can be defined as “the material that under the bark constitutes the stem of a tree”. Let us think of a piece of wood as a solid of any given shape cut from a cylinder (the stem). The first thing we need to do when examining a specimen is to orientate it with respect to its original position in the cylinder, i.e. to under- stand along which planes it has been cut from the stem. There are three anatomical planes of reference: transverse, longitudinal radial and longitudinal tangential. The trans- Fig. 1.1 Anatomical planes of reference in wood: transverse (A), lon- verse plane is perpendicular to the cylinder longitudinal axis; gitudinal radial (B) and longitudinal tangential (C) it is the plane across which a tree is cut when felled by a log- ger. Both the longitudinal planes are parallel to the cylinder longitudinal axis; they are the planes across which a board is cut from a log in a sawmill. Having the cylinder circumfer- ence as reference, a longitudinal plane is radial if cut along the direction of a ray, and tangential if cut along the direction parallel to a tangent (not following a ray) (Fig. 1.1). Each face of a piece of wood will be cut along one of the above- mentioned planes or any possible intermediate one, but only the former ones are suitable to perform wood identification (see section “Wood Structure”). More precisely, most of the characters for macroscopic identification are on the trans- verse surface. By observing a whole transverse section of a trunk, in some species it is possible to distinguish two parts with dif- ferent colours: a darker innermost portion, called heartwood, and a lighter outer portion close to the bark, called sapwood, corresponding to the wood of most recent formation. Other species instead do not show any colour difference between Fig. 1.2 Trunk transverse sections, some of which show difference sapwood and heartwood (Fig. 1.2). By a closer analysis it is between heartwood and sapwood colour (A), while others don’t (B) © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 3 F. Ruffinatto, A. Crivellaro, Atlas of Macroscopic Wood Identification, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23566-6_1