Atlas of Head and Necl< Imaging The Extracranial Head and Neck Suresh K. Mukherji Vincent Chong 'Thieme Atlas of Head and Neck Imaging The Extracranial Head and Neck Atlas of Head and Neck Imaging The Extracranial Head and Neck Suresh K. Mukherji, M.D. Division Director of Neuroradiology and Head & Neck Radiology Neuroradiology Fellowship Program Director University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Vincent Chong, M.D. Program Director for the Department of Diagnostic Radiology Singapore General Hospital Singapore Thieme New York . Stuttgart Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Ave. New York, NY 10001 Editorial Assistant: Kerry Wheeler Director, Production and Manufacruring: Anne Vinnicombe Production Editor: Becky Dille Marketing Director: Phyllis Gold Sales Manager: Ross Lumpkin Chief Financial Officer: Peter van Woerden President: Brian D. Scanlan Compositor: Primustype Hurler Printer: Druckhaus Goetz Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mukherji, Suresh K. Head and neck radiology : text and atlas/Suresh K. Mukherji, Vincent Chong. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58890-178-5 (hardcover: a1k. paper) - ISBN 3-13-136071 -2 (hardcover : a1k. paper) I . Head-Radiography. 2. Head-Radiography-Atlases. 3. Neck-Radiography. 4. Neck-Radiography-Atlases. [DNLM: I . Head--rediography. 2. Head--radiography--Atlases. 3. Neck--radiography--Atlases. 4. Neck--radiography. 5. Ra­ diology--methods--Atlases. 6. Radiology--methods. WE 705 M953h 2004] I. Chong, Vincent. II. Title. RC936.M85 2004 617.5' 1 07572-dc2 1 Copyright © 2004 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the publisher's consent, is ille­ gal and liable to prosecution. 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However, in the view of the possibility of human error by the authors, editors, or publisher, of the work herein, or changes in medical knowledge, neither the authors, editors, or publisher, nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation of this work, warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they are not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of such information. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this publication is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular impor­ tance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs. Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without desi­ gnation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain. Printed in Germany 5 4 3 2 1 TMP ISBN 1-58890-178-5 GTV ISBN 3 13 136071 2 vi To my wife Rita and our children, Anika and Janak. To my mother Chandra Mukherji, M.D. for her strength through difficult times, I love you! In loving memory of my father, Phatick K. Mukherji, M.D. who instilled in me the belief that no hard work goes unrewarded. Suresh K Mukherji To my wife FYF for all her patience and understanding To my daughters Kitty and Jane for enriching our lives To my parents CMY and WSM for their love Vincent Chong I VI Acknowledgment Acknowledgment This book was five years in the making but represents a much greater experience. I would like to thank the many excellent neuroradiologists with whom I have worked thtoughout my career, especially Tony Mancuso and Mauticio Castillo. We gain much knowledge from our fellow radiologists. However, as a head & neck radiologist, some of the most valuable information we learn comes from our otolaryngology head and neck surgery colleagues. I would like to acknowledge all of these individuals who have added to my education over the past 1 1 years. A great deal of thanks and respect goes to the many individuals at Thieme who made the production of this textbook possible. It was a pleasure to work with all of you. Suresh K Mukherji Tobie of Contents VII I Table of Contents Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII Introduction Section I Section II Masticator Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter I Benign Masseteric Muscle Hypertrophy . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 2 Denervation Atrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 3 Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 4 Abscess Associated with Odontogenic Infection . . . . Chapter 5 Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 6 Retromolar SCCA with MS Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 7 Masticator Muscle Tumor Infiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 8 Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 9 Osteosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 1 0 Fibrosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter I I Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 1 2 Rhabdomyosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 13 Desmoid Fibromatosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 14 Hemangiosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 1 5 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 16 Benign Minor Salivary Gland Tumors (Pleomorphic Adenoma, Monomorphic Adenoma, Warthin's Tumor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 1 7 Malignant Minor Salivary Gland Tumors (Adenoidcystic, Mucoepidermoid, Adenocarcinoma, Low-Grade Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma) . . . . . . Chapter 1 8 Ameloblastoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 19 Mandibular Osteoradionecrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 20 Masticator Muscle Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 2 1 Nodular Fascitis and Other Benign Fibroblastic Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 22 Synovial Chondromatosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 23 Lipoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 24 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 25 Vascular Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 26 Hemangiomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 27 Arteriovenous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 28 Masseter Muscle Venous Malformation . . . . . . . . . . Parotid Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 29 Parotid Sialolithiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 30 Acute Infective Parotitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 31 Pneumoparotitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 32 Sjogren's Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 33 Radiation-Induced Parotitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 34 Lymphoepithelial Cysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 35 Kimura's Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 36 Warrhin's Tumor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 37 Pleomorphic Adenoma (Benign Mixed Tumor) . . . . Chapter 38 Carcinoma Expleomorphic Adenoma, Carcinosarcoma, Metastasizing Mixed Tumor . . . . . XIII 1 6 8 II 13 15 18 20 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 59 61 64 66 69 73 75 77 79 82 84 86 88 9 1 94 I VIII Table of Contents Section III Chapter 39 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Chapter 40 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Chapter 41 Adenocarcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Chapter 42 Squamous Cell Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Chapter 43 Oncocytoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Chapter 44 Monomorphic Adenoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Chapter 45 Acinous Cell Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Chapter 46 Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 12 Chapter 47 Facial Nerve Schwan noma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 14 Chapter 48 Congenital Anomalies of the First Branchial Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 16 Chapter 49 Vascular Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 19 Chapter 50 Lymphatic Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Chapter 5 1 Hemangiomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Visceral Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Chapter 52 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Chapter 53 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with Eustachian Tube Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Chapter 54 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with Pterygopalatine and Orbital Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Chapter 55 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Soft Palate . . . . . . 138 Chapter 56 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Palatine (Faucial) Tonsil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Chapter 57 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue BaseNallecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Chapter 58 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anterior and Posterior Tonsillar Pillar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Chapter 59 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Retomolar Tigone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 1 Chapter 60 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Gingiva and the Hard Palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Chapter 61 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Buccal Muscosa . . 158 Chapter 62 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Tongue . . . . 161 Chapter 63 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Epiglortis . . . . . . . 164 Chapter 64 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Aryepiglortic Fold 168 Chapter 65 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the False Vocal Cord . 171 Chapter 66 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the True Vocal Cord (Glottis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Chapter 67 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Subglonis . . . . . . . 176 Chapter 68 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Pyriform Sinus . . . 179 Chapter 69 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Postcricoid Region . 183 Chapter 70 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Posterior Pharyngeal �a1l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Chapter 71 Rhabdomyosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Chapter 72 Nasopharyngeal Meningioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Chapter 73 Nasopharyngeal Hemangiopericytoma . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Chapter 74 Nasopharyngeal Adenocystic Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . 197 Chapter 75 Plasmacytoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Chapter 76 Nasopharyngeal Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Chapter 77 Juvenile Angiofibroma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Chapter 78 Inverted Papilloma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Chapter 79 Benign Minor Salivary Gland Tumors (Pleomorphic Adenoma, Monomorphic Adenoma, �arthin's Tumor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Chapter 80 Malignant Minor Salivary Gland Tumors (Adenoidcystic, Mucoepidermoid, Adenocarcinoma, Low-Grade Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma) . . . . . . 210 Section IV Tobie of Contents IX I Chapter 8 1 Granular Cell Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Chapter 82 Chondrosarcoma of the Larynx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Chapter 83 Juvenile Laryngeal Papillomatosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Chapter 84 Layrngeal Paraganglioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Chapter 85 Posmansplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder . . . . . . 221 Chapter 86 Kaposi Sarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Chapter 87 Teratoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Chapter 88 Adeniodal Enlargement in HIV + Patients . . . . . . . . . 228 Chapter 89 Nasopharyngeal Inflammation from Middle Ear Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Chapter 90 Kimura's Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Chapter 91 Sphenoethmoidal Polyps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Chapter 92 Antrochoanal Polyp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Chapter 93 Peritonsillar Abscess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Chapter 94 Tonsillar Calcifications (Tonsilloliths) . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Chapter 95 Croup (Laryngotracheitis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Chapter 96 Epiglottitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Chapter 97 Laryngeal Infection: Supraglottitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Chapter 98 Herpes Pharyngitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1 Chapter 99 Laryngeal Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Chapter 100 Wegener's Granulomatosis of the Larynx . . . . . . . . . 255 Chapter 101 Tornwaldt's Cyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Chapter 102 Nasopharyngeal Infiltrative Ectopic Pituitary Adenoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Chapter 103 Congenital Tracheal Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Chapter 1 04 Laryngomalacia (Congenital Flaccid Larynx) . . . . . . . 265 Chapter 1 05 Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia . . 268 Chapter 106 Laryngeal Cysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Chapter 1 07 Laryngocoele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Chapter 108 Laryngeal Webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Chapter 109 Zenker's Diverticulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Chapter 1 1 0 Subglottic Hemangioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Chapter I I I Venous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Chapter 1 12 Thyriod Adenoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Chapter 1 13 Goiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Chapter 1 14 Thyriod Cyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Chapter 1 15 Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Chapter 1 16 Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Chapter 1 17 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Chapter 1 1 8 Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Chapter 1 19 Thyroid Metastasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Chapter 1 20 Thyroid Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Chapter 121 Hashimoto's Thyroiditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Chapter 1 22 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Chapter 1 23 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Chapter 124 Lingual Thyroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Chapter 125 Thyroid Amyloidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Chapter 1 26 Parathyoid Adenoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Recropharyngeal Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Chapter 1 27 Tortuous Carotid Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Chapter 128 Retropharyngeal Edema Following Radiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Chapter 129 Retropharyngeal Infections: Cellulitis, Suppurative Adenitis, Abscess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Chapter 130 Retropharyngeal Cellulitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Chapter 1 3 1 Retropharyngeal Space Abscess (Foreign Body) . . . . . 340 Chapter 132 Tuberculous Retropharyngeal Space Abscess . . . . . . . 342 I X Table of Contents Chapter 133 Retropharyngeal Lymphadenopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Chapter 134 Tumor Spread into the Retropharyngeal Space . . . . . 347 Chapter 135 Chordoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Chapter 136 Lipoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Chapter 137 Lymphatic Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Section V Prevertebral Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Chapter 138 Anterior Osteophyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Chapter 139 Vertebral Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Chapter 140 Vertebral Osteomye1itislDiscitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Chapter 141 Granulomatous Spondylitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Chapter 142 Chordoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Chapter 143 Vetebral Artery Aneurysm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Section Vl Parapharyngeal Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Chapter 144 Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Chapter 145 Tumor Spread from Oropharyngeal Visceral Space . . 384 Chapter 146 Tumor Spread from Nasopharyngeal Visceral Space . 387 Chapter 147 Tumor Spread from Temporal Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Chapter 148 Tumor Spread from Nasal Fossa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Chapter 149 Malignant Minor Salivary Gland Tumors (Adenoidcystic, Mucepidermoid, Adenocarcinoma, Low-Grade Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma) . . . . . . 394 Chapter 1 50 Pleomorphic Adenoma (Benign Mixed Tumor) . . . . 396 Chapter 1 5 1 Neurofibroma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Chapter 1 52 Adenoidcystic Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Chapter 1 53 Lipoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Chapter 1 54 Arteriovenous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Chapter 155 Lymphatic Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Section VlI Carotid Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 1 Chapter 1 56 Normal Variants That May Mimic Disease . . . . . . . 415 Chapter 1 57 Cartoid Artery Dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Chapter 1 58 Thrombosed Internal Jugular Vein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Chapter 1 59 Trauma [Psuedoaneurysm (Dissecting Aneurysm) and Hematoma} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Chapter 160 Enlarged Cervical Lymph Nodes in Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Chapter 161 Cat Scratch Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Chapter 162 Tuberculous Lymphadenitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Chapter 163 Cartoidynia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 1 Chapter 164 Metastatic Cervical Lymphadenopathy . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Chapter 165 Tumor Spread to the Cartoid Sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Chapter 166 Encasement of the Cartoid Sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Chapter 167 Hodgkin's Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Chapter 168 Castleman's Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Chapter 169 Neuroblastoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 Chapter 1 70 Meningioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Chapter 171 Jugular Foramen Hemangiopericytoma . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Chapter 1 72 Paraganglioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Chapter 173 Schwannoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Chapter 174 Neurofibroma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 Chapter 175 Congenital Anomalies of the Third Branchial Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Chapter 176 Congenital Anomalies of the Fourth Branchial Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467