Astrology andCosmologyinEarlyChina The ancient Chinese were profoundly influenced by the Sun, Moon, and stars,makingpersistenteffortstomirrorastralphenomena inshapingtheir civilization.Inthispioneeringtext,DavidW.Pankenierintroducesreadersto aseriouslyunderstudiedfield,illustratinghowastronomyshapedtheculture of China from the very beginning and how it influenced areas as disparate asart,architecture,calendricalscience,myth,technology,andpoliticaland military decision-making. As elsewhere in the ancient world, there was no positivedistinctionbetweenastronomyandastrologyinancientChina,andso astrology,ormoreprecisely,astralomenology,isaprincipalfocusofthebook. Drawingonabroadrangeofsources,includingarchaeologicaldiscoveries, classical texts, inscriptions and paleography, this thought-provoking book documents the role of astronomical phenomena in the development of the “CelestialEmpire”fromthelateNeolithicthroughthelateimperialperiod. david w. pankenier is Professor of Chinese at Lehigh University, Pennsylvania.Hiscurrentresearchinterestsrangefromthehistoryofideas inearlyChina,toarchaeoastronomyandculturalastronomy.Heisparticu- larlyinterestedintheconnectionbetweenrareastronomicalphenomenaand epoch-makingpoliticalandmilitaryeventsinancientChina. Astrology and Cosmology in Early China Conforming Earth to Heaven DavidW.Pankenier LehighUniversity UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107006720 (cid:2)C DavidW.Pankenier2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintingintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Pankenier,DavidW.(DavidWilliam) AstrologyandcosmologyinearlyChina:conformingearthtoheaven/ DavidW.Pankenier. pages cm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-107-00672-0(hardback) 1.Astrology,Chinese. 2.Cosmology,Chinese. I.Title. BF1714.C5P38 2013 133.5(cid:3)9231–dc23 2013005731 ISBN978-1-107-00672-0Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. (cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2),(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2) Pluckingthefruit,onethinksofthetree; drinkingfromthestream,oneismindfulofthesource. YuXin(cid:2)(cid:2)(fl.c.544) Contents Listoffigures pageix Listofmaps xiv Listoftables xv Foreword xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiv ChronologyofearlyChina xxvi Introduction 1 PartOne Astronomyandcosmologyinthetime ofdragons 1 AstronomybeginsatTaosi 17 2 Watchingfordragons 38 PartTwo AligningwithHeaven 3 LookingtotheSupernalLord 83 4 BringingHeavendowntoEarth 118 5 Astralrevelationandtheoriginsofwriting 149 PartThree Planetaryomensandcosmicideology 6 Thecosmo-politicalmandate 193 7 Therhetoricofthesupernal 220 8 Cosmologyandthecalendar 242 vii viii Contents PartFour WarringStatesandHanastralportentology 9 AstralprognosticationandtheBattleofChengpu 261 10 Anewastrologicalparadigm 299 PartFive Onewiththesky 11 Cosmiccapitals 317 12 Temporalityandthefabricofspace–time 351 13 TheSkyRiverandcosmography 383 14 PlanetaryportentologyEastandWest 404 Epilogue 442 Appendix:Astrologyforanempire:the“Treatiseon theCelestialOffices”inTheGrandScribe’sRecords (c.100BCE) 444 Glossary 512 References 529 Index 570