Assessments for Sport and Athletic Performance David H. Fukuda, PhD, CSCS,*D, CISSN Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Fukuda, David H., 1980- author. Title: Assessments for sport and athletic performance / David H. Fukuda. Description: Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018036040 (print) | LCCN 2018054826 (ebook) | ISBN 9781492586876 (epub) | ISBN 9781492559894 (PDF) | ISBN 9781492559887 (print) Subjects: LCSH: Athletic ability--Testing. | Physical fitness--Testing. Classification: LCC GV436.5 (ebook) | LCC GV436.5 .F84 2019 (print) | DDC 796--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018036040 ISBN: 978-1-4925-5988-7 (print) Copyright © 2019 by David Fukuda All rights reserved. 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In Canada, email [email protected]. In the United Kingdom/Europe, email [email protected]. For information about Human Kinetics’ coverage in other areas of the world, please visit our website: www.HumanKinetics.com E7208 To Tamiko, for all of the revisions and ramblings you've endured over the years without receiving the credit you deserve. Without your love and unconditional support, this project would not have been possible and my days would certainly be incomplete. To Brogan and Josette, I can only hope to add as much meaning to your lives as you have to mine. When we find ourselves at the bottom of a valley, we always dig in, support each other, and go for broke, so that we can enjoy the view from the top of the next peak together. This page intentionally left blank Contents Assessment Finder vi Preface ix Acknowledgments x Part I Basics of Assessment 1 1 Assessment 101: Who, Why, and How? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Assessment 201: What Equipment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3 Assessment 301: Which Tests? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Part II Assessment Protocols 51 4 Anthropometrics and Body Composition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5 Flexibility and Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6 Agility and Sprinting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7 Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 8 Muscular Strength and Endurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 9 Cardiorespiratory Fitness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 10 Monitoring Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 References 275 Index 288 About the Author 293 Earn Continuing Education Credits/Units 294 v ASSESSMENT FINDER Chapter 4 Anthropometrics and Body Composition Weight, height, and body mass index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Segmental circumferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Skinfold assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Body fat percentage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Fat mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Fat-free mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Bioelectrical impedance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Chapter 5 Flexibility and Balance Sit-and-reach test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Back-scratch test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Shoulder elevation test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Total body rotation test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Lumbar stability test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Functional reach test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Balance error scoring system (BESS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Tandem gait test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Chapter 6 Agility and Sprinting 5-10-5 test (pro agility or 20-yard shuttle run). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 T-test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Three-cone drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Y-shaped reactive agility test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Hexagon agility test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Straight-line sprint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Repeated sprint ability test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Repeated change-of-direction test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 300-yard shuttle run. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 vi Chapter 7 Power Vertical jump test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Standing long jump test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Single-leg triple hop test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Medicine ball chest pass test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Forward overhead medicine ball throw test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Backward overhead medicine ball throw test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Rotating medicine ball throw test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Stair sprint power (or Margaria-Kalamen) test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Rowing ergometer peak power test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Chapter 8 Muscular Strength and Endurance One-repetition maximum strength test: Back squat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Leg press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Bench press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Bench pull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Multiple-repetition maximum strength test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Maximal handgrip strength test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Static muscular endurance tests: Prone bridge or plank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Half-squat or wall-sit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Flexed-arm or bent-arm hang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Dynamic muscular endurance tests: Partial curl-ups or bent-knee sit-ups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Push-ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Squats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Pull-ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 YMCA bench press test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 (continued) vii viii Assessment Finder ASSESSMENT FINDER (CONTINUED) Chapter 9 Cardiorespiratory Fitness 20-meter multi-stage shuttle run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Distance-based walk and run tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Time-based walk or run tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Submaximal step test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Submaximal rowing ergometer test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 45-second squat test (or Ruffier-Dickson test). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Chapter 10 Monitoring Training Heart rate measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Body weight maintenance and hydration status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Fluid loss evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 External training load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Internal training load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Perceptual well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 7 Physical readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272