ASSESSMENT OF WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND GROWTH OF TREE SPECIES OF AGROFORESTRY IMPORTANCE NEHA TOLIA PALB 2211 DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES BENGALURU 2014 ASSESSMENT OF WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND GROWTH OF TREE SPECIES OF AGROFORESTRY IMPORTANCE NEHA TOLIA PALB 2211 Thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MMMMaaaasssstttteeeerrrr ooooffff SSSScccciiiieeeennnncccceeee ((((AAAAggggrrrriiiiccccuuuullllttttuuuurrrreeee)))) in EEEENNNNVVVVIIIIRRRROOOONNNNMMMMEEEENNNNTTTTAAAALLLL SSSSCCCCIIIIEEEENNNNCCCCEEEE BENGALURU JULY, 2014 A ffectionately D edicated to m y B eloved G randparents, P arents & M y G uide DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES BENGALURU CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Assessment of Water use efficiency and growth of tree species of agroforestry importance ” submitted by Ms. Neha Tolia, ID No. PALB 2211 for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (Agriculture) in ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, is a record of bonafide research work done by her during the period of her study in this university under my guidance and supervision and the thesis has not previously formed the basis of the award of degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or any other similar titles. Bangalore ( Dr.A. S. DEVAKUMAR) July, 2014 Major advisor APPROVED BY: Chairman : ___________________________ (Dr. A. S. DEVAKUMAR) Members : ___________________________ (Dr. S. HATTAPPA) __________________________ (Dr. K. T. PRASANNA) ___________________________ (Dr. NAGARAJU) __________________________ (Dr. M. S. SHESHSHAYEE) AAAACCCCKKKKNNNNOOOOWWWWLLLLEEEEDDDDGGGGEEEEMMMMEEEENNNNTTTT Working as a M. Sc. Student in UAS-B was a magnificent as well as challenging experience to me. During these years, many people were instrumental directly or indirectly in shaping up my academic career. I take this opportunity to convey my love and appreciation to all those who have been a part of my life during this phase of my life. It is with immense gratitude that I acknowledge the support and help of my supervisor Prof. dr. A. S. Devakumar. It was only due to his valuable guidance, cheerful enthusiasm and supporting nature that I was able to complete my research work in a respectable manner. I extend my warm regards for him for his being whatever he has been to me. With a sense of pride and dignity, I sincerely thank the members of my advisory committee Dr. S. Hattappa Professor & Head of Dept. of Forestry and Environmental Science, UAS, Bangalore, Dr. K. T. Prasanna, Professor, Dept. of Forestry and Environmental Science, UAS, Bangalore, Dr. Nagraju, Profressor of Agronomy and Dr. M. S. Sheshshayee Professor, Dept. of Crop Physiology, UAS, Bangalore for their constructive suggestions, valuable guidance, providing facilities in carrying out my research work and timely correction of my thesis manuscript. In addition, a thank you to all my course teachers who has imparted me knowledge and wisdom during the course of my study. I am indebted to my colleagues Dincy Dechama, Hamsa R and Pardis for their support, co-operation and physical help rendered during the conduct of these experiments. I express thanks to Mr. Sumanth Kambalimath for providing technical support during my experiment. The thesis must surely bear the imprint of the love and affection showered on me by my family members. I want to extend my appreciation to my grandparents and parents for their boundless love, unshakable confidence and dedicated efforts in shaping my career since childhood. My diction does not seem to be rich enough to provide suitable words to articulate my love to them. A personal note of gratitude to my lovable and dearest friends Gunjan, Goldi and Shweta for their moral support, care and constant encouragement throughout my degree and also for making my journey enjoyable and memorable. I extent my sincere thanks to all other supporting staff of Forestry & Environmental Science and Crop Physiology Department for providing all the material requirements for smooth execution of my research work. Finally, zillions of thanks from my teeming heart to all those who have been involved in some way or the other in the completion of this thesis. Bangalore Neha Tolia July, 2014 ABSTRACT To understand drought adaptation mechanisms of any tree species its physiological analysis is the best way. In present investigation six agroforestry tree species (Melia dubia, Pongamia pinnata, Eucalyptus camaldulensis (clone: BCM-413), Calophyllum inophyllum, Simarouba glauca & Aphanamixis polystachya) were analyzed for their Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance. Two sets of plants were grown at field capacity and 50% field capacity (stress) and various morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters were monitored along with gravimetric approach and carbon isotope discrimination. The total period of the experiment after moisture stress imposition was 70 days. E. camaldulensis and M. dubia recorded maximum growth rates and photosynthetic rates, whereas C. inophyllum and A. polystachya recorded highest reduction under stress. This reduction in growth and carbon assimilation was due to reduction in stomatal conductance which can be attributed to leaf area and photosynthetic rates under stress. The cumulative water transpired was directly related to the dry biomass production and so also the carbon isotope discrimination and WUE. In P. pinnata and S. glauca growth rates were less compared to E. camaldulensis and M. dubia, but the reduction in growth under stress was also less. The wax content had also not decreased except in E. camaldulensis and S. glauca under stress. Species with higher wax content had shown lower leaf temperature. Lower reduction in growth at 50% moisture stress in all the species studied is an indication of relatively higher stress tolerance of tree species studied. M. dubia is a better species for drought susceptible regions compared to E. comaldulensis as it had better WUE. Forestry & Environmental Science A.S. Devakumar UAS, GKVK, Bangalore. (Major advisor) ¸ÁgÁA±À ºªÀ ÁªÀiÁ£ À §z¯À ÁªuÀ ¬É ÄAzÀ PÀȶ ºÁUÀÆ PÁr£À ¨¼É ªÀ uÀ ÉUAÉ iÀÄ ªÉÄï É C¢Pü À ¥jÀ uÁªÀÄ ©ÃgÀĪ À ªÀÄÄ£ÀÆìZ£À É ¸AÀ ±ÉÆÃz£À UÉ ½À z À PAÀ qÀħA¢z.É F ¤nÖ£°À è ºªÀ ÁªÀiÁ£ À §z¯À ÁªuÀ AÉ iÀÄ ¥ÀæªÀÄÄR PÁgtÀ ªÁz À EAUÁ®z À ¥ÀæªÀiÁtª£À ÀÄß UÁ½AiÀÄ°è PrÀ ªÉÄ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ CUvÀ Àå. DzÀÄzjÀ Az À C¢Pü À d® §¼PÀ AÉ iÀÄ PÀëªÀÄv É ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ ªÀÄgUÀ ¼À À ¥Àæ¨ÃÉ zUÀ ¼À £À ÀÄß UÀÄgÀÄw¹ Cz£À ÀÄß PÀȶ CgtÀ åz°À è ¨¼É ¸É ÀĪÀÅzjÀ Az À ºªÀ ÁªÀiÁ£ À §z¯À ÁªuÀ AÉ iÀÄ ¸ÀªÀĸÉåAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤AiÀÄAw渮À Ä ¸ÁzÀå. F ¤nÖ£°À è DgÀÄ ªÀÄg À ¥Àæ¨ÃsÉ zUÀ ¼À À d® §¼PÀ AÉ iÀÄ PÁAiÀÄðPÀëªÀÄv É ºÁUÀÄ C£ÁªÀ馅 vqÀÀ zÉ ÀÄ PÉƼÀÄîª À PÀëªÀÄvAÉ iÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥jÀ ÃQ븯À Á¬ÄvÀÄ. EªÀÅU¼À °À è Bem-143 ¤Ã®Vj ( ) ºÁUÀÄ º¨ÉÉ ÉâêÀÅ CwºZÉ ÀÄ Ñ ¨¼É ªÀ uÀ ÉUAÉ iÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÀÆtð PÉëÃvÀæ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåð ¹ÜwAiÀÄ°è ºÉÆA¢zÀÄÝ ¹ÃªÀiÁgÀƧ ºÁUÀÆ PÁè¯ÉƦ®A ¥Àæ¨ÃÉ zUÀ ¼À ÀÄ Cw PrÀ ªÉÄ ¨¼É §À tU AÉ iÀÄ£ÀÄß zÁR°¹gÀÀÄvÀÛz.É DzgÀ É d®§¼PÀ AÉ iÀÄ PÁAiÀÄð ±ÀæªÀÄvAÉ iÀÄÄ ¤Ã®Vj ºÁUÀÆ º¨É Éâ룰À è Cwà PrÀ ªÉÄAiÀiÁVzÀÄÝ, ¹ÃªÀiÁgÀƧ ºÁUÀÆ PÁè¯ÉÆæ®AU¼À °À è Cwà ºZÉ ÀÄÑ PAÀ qÀħA¢z.É F ¥Àæ¨ÃÉ zUÀ À¼£À ÀÄß CzsðÀ PÉëÃvÀæ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåðz°À è ¨¼É zÉ ÁU À ¹ÃªÀiÁgÀƧ ¨¼É §À tU AÉ iÄÀ °è ¥ÀÆtðPÉëÃvÀæ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåð ¨¼É ªÀ tÀ U VÉ AvÀ ºaÉ £Ñ À ªÁåvÁå¸ À PAÀ qÀħg°À ®è DzgÀ É PÁè¯ÉÆæ®A, C¥ÉÆ£«À ÄQë¸ï ºÁUÀÆ ¤Ã®Vj ¥Àæ¨ÃÉ zUÀ ¼À °À è ±ÃÉ RqÁ 41.4 ºÁUÀÄ 36 gµÀ ÀÄÖ ¨¼É ªÀ tÀ UÂ É PrÀ ªÉÄAiÀiÁV PAÀ qÀÄ §AvÀÄ. ºÀUAÉ iÉÄà ¥ÀÆtð PÉëÃvÀæ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåðz°À è ¨¼É zÉ ÁU À d®§¼PÀ AÉ iÀÄ PÀëªÀÄvAÉ iÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤Ã®Vj ºÁUÀÄ º¨É Éâ룰À è Cwà PrÀ ªÉÄAiÀiÁVzÀÄÝ ¹ÃªÀÄgÀƧ ºÁUÀÄ PÁè¯ÉÆæ®AU¼À °À è Cwà ºZÉ ÀÄ Ñ PAÀ qÀÄ §A¢z.É F ¥Àæ¨ÉÃzUÀ ¼À £À ÀÄß CzsÀð PÉëÃvÀæ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåðz°À è ¨¼É zÉ ÁU À DgÀÄ ¥Àæ¨ÃÉ zUÀ ¼À °À è £Á®ÄÌ ¥Àæ¨ÃÉ zUÀ ¼À ÀÄ ºZÉ ÀÄÑ d® §¼ÀPAÉ iÀÄ PÁAiÀÄðPÀëªÀÄvAÉ iÀÄ£ÀßAiÀÄ vÉÆÃj¹gÀÄvÀÛz.É DzgÀ É ºÉÆAU É ºÁUÀÆ PÁè¯ÉƦ®A ¥Àæ¨ÃÉ zUÀ ¼À ÀÄ PrÀ ªÉÄAiÀiÁV PAÀ qÀħA¢z.É DgÀÄ ¥Àæ¨ÃÉ zUÀ ¼À À°è º¨É ÉâêÀÅ ±ÃÉ PqÀ À 25 gµÀ ÀÄÖ ºaÀÉ £Ñ À d® §¼PÀ AÉ iÀÄ PÁAiÀÄð PÀëªÀÄvAÉ iÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢zÀÄÝ ºaÉ £Ñ À d¯ÁªÀȶÖAiÀÄ£ÀÄß vqÀÀ zÉ ÀÄPÉƼÀÄîª À ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåðª£À ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀÅzÁV PAÀ rz.É DgÀÄ ¥Àæ¨ÃÉ zUÀ ¼À °À è ¤Ã®Vj ºÁUÀÆ º¨É ÉâêÀÅ ºaÉ £Ñ À ¨¼É ªÀ tÀ U AÉ iÀÄ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåð ºÉÆA¢zÀÄÝ EªÀÅU¼À °À è ºaÀÉ Ñ£ À d®§¼PÀ AÉ iÀÄ PÁAiÀÄð PÀëªÀÄv É ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀÅzjÀ Az À §g À ¦Ãrv À ª®À AiÀÄU¼À °À è F ¥Àæ¨ÃÉ z¢À Az À ºaÉ £Ñ À DzÁAiÄÀ ¥qÀ AÉ iÀÄĪ À ¸ÁzÀåv É Ez.É F DgÀÄ ¥Àæ¨ÃÉ zUÀ ¼À °À è ºZÉ ÀÄ Ñ ¨É¼ªÀ tÀ UÂ É vÉÆÃj¹zAÀ v À ¤Ã®Vj ºÁUÀÄ º¨É ÉâêÀÅU¼À ÀÄ Cwà ºZÉ ÀÄÑ ¢éw ¸AÀ ¸ÉèñuÀ Á ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåðv É ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀÅzÁV PAÀ qÀħA¢z É ºÁUAÉ iÉÄà ¨ÁµÀ૸dÀ ð£,É J¯UÉ ¼À À ªÉÄÃt GvÁàz£À É J¯UÉ ¼À À «¹ÛÃtð, VqzÀ À ¤Ãj£À CA±,À ¨ÃÉ j£ À ¨¼É ªÀ tÀ ÂU É Eª®É èªÅÀU¼À °À è£ À ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåðU½À U£À ÀÄUÀÄtªÁV ¨¼É ªÀ tÀ U AÉ iÀÄ°è ªÁåvÁå¸UÀ ¼À ÀÄ PAÀ qÀÄ §gÀĪÀÅzÀÄ F ¸«À ÄÃPÉë¬ÄAz À PAÀ qÀħA¢z.É (qÁ. J.J¯ï. zÉêÀPÀĪÀiÁgï) CgtÀ å ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥jÀ ¸gÀ À «eÁУ À PÀȶ «±Àé«zÁå®AiÀÄ, ¨AÉ U¼À ÀÆgÀÄ ¥ÀæzsÁ£ À ¸®À ºUÉ ÁggÀ ÀÄ CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO. I 1-2 INTRODUCTION II 3-9 REVIEW OF LITERATURE III 10-20 MATERIAL AND METHODS IV 21-24 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS V 25-28 DISCUSSION VI 29 SUMMARY VII 30-42 REFERENCES LIST OF TABLES Table Page Title No. No. Effect of moisture stress (50%) on TDW and TLA in 1 21 selected tree species of agroforestry importance. Effect of moisture stress (50%) on WUE, A and g in 2 s 22 selected tree species of agroforestry importance. Effect of moisture stress (50%) on growth and certain 3 physiological traits in selected tree species of agroforestry 22 importance. 4 Stomatal distribution among different tree species. 23 Effect of moisture stress (50 %) on Wax content and RWC 5 24 in selected tree species of agroforestry importance.