ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE STUDIES COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW THE ROLES OF IGAD IN ADDRESSING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMES A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of LL.M Degree in Public International Law By: Amanuel Tadesse D. Advisor Muhammed Habib (Assistant Professor of Law) Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia January 2019 Plagiarism Declaration I AMANUEL TADESSE DEKEBO do hereby declare that the thesis “THE ROLES OF IGAD IN ADDRESSING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMES” is my original work and that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university. Whenever other sources are used or quoted, they have been duly acknowledged. Signature___________________ Date_______________________ This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as Advisor. Signature____________________ Muhammed Habib (Assistant Professor of Law) Addis Ababa University, College of Law and Governance Studies Date________________________ Board of Examiners This Thesis is submitted to the College of Law and Governance Studies and to the College of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in fulfillment of all requirements for the degree of Masters in Public International Law. Title of Thesis: The Roles of IGAD in Addressing Transnational Organized Crimes Candidate: Amanuel Tadesse Date: January 2019 Approved by Board of Examiners: Muhammed Habib (Assistant Professor) ……………….. …………….. Advisor Signature Date …………………. ………………… ……………… Examiner Signature Date ………………… ………………… ...…………… Examiner Signature Date Acknowledgments Thank You, God to your pearls of wisdom! First, I would like to offer my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor Assistant Professor Muhammed Habib for providing me with guidance, enthusiastic encouragement, profound knowledge, and wise advice and useful critiques in the process of writing this thesis. I would have never accomplished this thesis if it were not for his support, encouragement, and careful review of the thesis and insightful comments. My deepest thanks go to Tadesse Dekeba (Dad), Ephrem Tadesse, Shumet Abdi and Addisu Tadesse (Brothers), for their unreachable supports and their continuing support throughout all my studies up to the present level and for providing me everything, which was helpful to complete my writing up. I am especially indebted to Bekelu Awaso (Mom) for her sincere praying, warmth and love. Thanks to the Staff of the College of Law and Governance Studies, Dilla University, for their support during the period of my studies. I also wish to thank H.E. Tu’emay Aregawi (Head of Transnational Organized Crime Pillar at the IGAD Security Sector Program) and H.E. Abebe Muluneh (Director of IGAD Security Sector Program) for their willingness to arrange interview despite their tight program at the Head Office of the Authority at Addis Ababa and for providing me the required datas to my research. Thanks to Biruk Pawelos (Lecturer of Law, Dilla University and PhD Candidate at Addis Ababa University) and Abdulhamid Mohammed for their remarkable support and assistance during the research exercise. I am also immensely grateful to Lina and for keeping me strong and courageous. Amanuel Tadesse D. I This Research Paper is dedicated to the Ethiopians who have lost their lives because of Transnational Organized Crime. II Acronyms AU Africa Union AUPSA Africa Union Peace and Security Architecture AUPSC Africa Union Peace and Security Counsel CEWARN Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism CIIB Criminal Intelligence and Investigation Bureau CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COP Conference of the State Parties EAC Eastern Africa Community ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EEE-TST Existing, Evolving and Emerging Transnational Security Threats EU European Union FATF Financial Action Task Force FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia GTP Growth and Transformation Plan HPR House of People Representatives ICGLR International Conference on the Great Lakes Region ICPAT IGAD Capacity Building Program against Terrorism IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization III IOM International Organization for Migration IPSA IGAD Peace and Security Architecture IRCPM IGAD Regional Consultative Process on Migration IRMCC IGAD Regional Migration Coordination Committee IRMPF IGAD Regional Migration Policy Framework ISSP IGAD Security Sector Program MLA Mutual Legal Assistance MOU Memorandum of Understanding NIP National Integrated Program for Ethiopia OCG Organized Crime Group ODPP Office of the Director of Public Prosecution RCP Regional Consultative Process (on migration) REC Regional Economic Community SADC South African Development Community SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons SICB Security Institutions Capacity Building TOC Transnational Organized Crime TOCTA Transnational Organized Crimes Threat Assessment TST Transnational Security Threats UN United Nation UNCAC United Nations Convention against Corruption UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime IV UNSC United Nations Security Council UNTOC United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime VCLT Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties WACAP West African Network of Central Authorities and Prosecutors WAPIS West African Police Chiefs KEY WORDS: Transnational Organized Crime, Organized Criminal Group, MLA, Extradition, IGAD, ISSP V Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. I ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................... III KEY WORDS .......................................................................................................................................... V ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... IX CHAPTER- ONE .............................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Research Questions .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Main Question: .............................................................................................................................. 4 1.3.2 Sub-Questions: ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Objectives of the study ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.4.1 General Objective of the Study ...................................................................................................... 5 1.4.2 Specific Objectives of the Study .................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Significance of the Study .................................................................................................................. 5 1.6 Scope and Limitation of the study .................................................................................................. 6 1.7 Research Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.8 Organization of the Study ................................................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER-TWO .............................................................................................................. 8 THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR ADDRESSING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME ...................................... 8 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Current International Legal frameworks for Addressing TOC .................................................. 8 2.2.1 The UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances ....... 8 2.2.2 The UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime ....................................................... 9 2.2.3 Definition of Transnational Organized Crime ............................................................................. 11 2.3 The International Institutional Frameworks for Addressing TOC ........................................... 13 2.3.1 Conference of the State Parties (COP) ......................................................................................... 13 2.3.2 The Secretariats Service ............................................................................................................... 14 2.3.3 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) ............................................................... 14 CHAPTER-THREE ........................................................................................................ 16 THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS OF IGAD IN ADDRESSING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME .................................... 16 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 16 VI 3.2 The Historical Genesis of IGAD .................................................................................................... 16 3.3 The Organizational Setup of IGAD .............................................................................................. 17 3.3.1 The Assembly of Heads of State and Government ...................................................................... 17 3.3.2 The Council of Ministers ............................................................................................................. 17 3.3.3 The Committee of Ambassadors .................................................................................................. 18 3.3.4 The Secretariat ............................................................................................................................. 18 3.4 Transnational Organized Crime in the IGAD Region ................................................................ 18 3.5 The Legal Frameworks of IGAD in Addressing TOC ................................................................ 21 3.5.1 The Agreement Establishing the IGAD, 1996 ............................................................................. 22 3.5.2 The IGAD Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters 2009 .......................... 22 3.5.3 The IGAD Convention on Extradition 2009 ................................................................................ 24 3.5.4 The Khartoum Declaration on Combating Terrorism and TOC .................................................. 25 3.5.5 Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Area of Peace and Security between the AU and the REC, 2008 ............................................................................................................................. 25 3.5.6 The IGAD Regional Strategy and Implementation Plan (2016-2020) ......................................... 26 3.5.7 The IGAD Regional Migration Policy Framework (IRMPF) ...................................................... 27 3.6 The Institutional Frameworks of IGAD in Addressing Transnational Organized Crime ....... 28 3.6.1 The IGAD Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism (CEWARN) .............................. 29 3.6.2 The IGAD Security Sector Program (ISSP)................................................................................. 30 3.6.2.1. Transnational Organized Crime Pillar…………………………………..30 3.6.2.2. The Security Institutions Capacity Building Pillar (SICB)……………..31 3.6.2.3. The Maritime Security Pillar……………………………………………32 3.6.3 The IGAD Regional Migration Coordination Committee (IRMCC) ........................................... 32 CHAPTER- FOUR ......................................................................................................... 34 THE ROLES OF IGAD IN ADDRESSING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMES........................................................................................................................... 34 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 34 4.2 What are the Practical Roles of IGAD for Addressing TOC? ................................................... 34 4.2.1 Articulation of the Threats of TOC in the Region ....................................................................... 34 4.2.2 Encouraging Member States to Adhere with International and Regional Legal Instruments for Addressing TOC ....................................................................................................................................... 35 4.2.3 Providing Capacity Building and Technical Assistance to the Member States ........................... 36 4.2.4 Encouraging Member States to Adopt Exchange of Information and Sharing of Criminal Intelligence System ................................................................................................................................... 37 4.2.5 Inspiring Member States to Fight TOC through Cooperation ...................................................... 38 4.3 The Roles of Member States in Addressing TOC within the Canopy of IGAD ........................ 38 VII