Lubos Matejicek Assessment of Energy Sources Using GIS Assessment of Energy Sources Using GIS Lubos Matejicek Assessment of Energy Sources Using GIS Lubos Matejicek Institute for Environmental Studies Charles University Prague, Czech Republic ISBN 978-3-319-52693-5 ISBN 978-3-319-52694-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-52694-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017935069 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Power supply is one of the most important factors for living standards, human evo- lution, and socioeconomic development. But during the last few decades, the increasing need for new energy sources has led to a rapidly growing awareness in the field of environmental protection, with focuses on overexploitation and environ- mental pollution. In order to provide sustainable development, detailed knowledge and quantitative characterizations of our energy sources, distributions of energy and power supply are needed for prediction at local and global scales in time and space. Assessment of energy sources and power supply optimization can improve situ- ations. Using new methods based on Geographic Information Systems (GISs) enables more complex analyses dealing with spatial and temporal phenomena. Computer analysis and modeling will provide better deployment of existing power sources in order to reduce the operational and maintenance costs of the energy gen- eration units. This new and important book gathers the latest research in the field and related topics such as the outlook of energy sources and power supplies, key environmental issues, mapping of energy from fossil fuels, optimization of using renewable energy sources, and optimized deployment of existing power sources and renewable energy sources. Chapters are complemented by case-oriented studies that show practical applications. The first chapter provides an introduction to the assessment of energy sources in the spatial and time scales of the universe, our solar system, Earth, continents and their regions, and mankind. It also introduces basic laws, principles, and physical units. The environmental issues are discussed from a view point of energy consump- tion by types and regions. The case studies deal with the presentation of spatial data using extensions of spreadsheets such as 3D Maps, development kits for data visu- alization on websites, and statistical programs. The second chapter focuses on the introduction of spatial and temporal analyses using the Geographic Information System (GIS). It explains spatial data models in GIS, which are helpful for the assessment of energy sources. The description con- tains a number of examples to demonstrate GIS functionality. Desktop GISs and other related information systems give an overview of available software tools for v vi Preface issues described in the next chapters. The case studies show web- based applications for spatial analysis of energy sources, GIS projects, and modeling tools for predic- tion of air pollution. The third chapter focuses on energy outlook using data presented by a number of national and multinational agencies and companies, such as the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), the International Energy Agency (IEA), European Environmental Agency (EEA), British Petroleum (BP), and a number of others. Energy production, redistribution, and consumption are illustrated by Sankey diagrams complemented by a number of other charts. Also, various scenarios are discussed in order to decrease global emissions and total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide. The case studies show spatial data management and datasets related to energy consumption. The fourth chapter describes energy sources based on fossil fuels. It contains a number of tables and graphs that show global and regional trends of consumption. Mapping of fossil sources is provided by GIS datasets extended with data from GPS and remote sensing. The chapter includes an exploration of environmental effects related to fossil fuel use. The case studies are focused on using GPS and mobile GIS for mapping fossil fuels at a local scale and mapping surface coal mines at a regional scale with satellite images. The fifth chapter contains information about using hydropower at the global and local scales. It explains types of hydropower sources and provides an overview of existing installations, as well as explores environmental effects of operational hydropower plants. The chapter also introduces hydrological modeling focused on nutrient flows in the basin. The case studies are focused on mapping the largest hydropower plants with data from remote sensing and mapping potential sources for small hydropower plants at the local scale. The sixth chapter deals with wind power. It explains the basic principles and shows various types of hydropower installations. The wind power sources are explored by mapping wind speed at global and local scales. Thematic mapping contains installed capacity and production of wind power for leading countries. The GIS utilization is provided for risk assessment of wind turbines and wind farms projects. The case studies show data processing related to wind power sources in GIS and mapping potential sources for wind turbines at a local scale. The seventh chapter shows estimates of solar energy potential and discusses envi- ronmental issues. It explains the modeling of solar irradiation with data from ground sensors and satellite systems. GIS is used for the exploration of potential solar sources with the regional and country maps, which can be used for the assessment of electricity generation from photovoltaic and thermal systems in Europe, Africa, and Southwest Asia. The studies are focused on estimates of solar energy by GIS advanced functionality including ArcGIS. Methods for area solar radiation and point solar radiation are tested at the local scale of urban environments. The eighth chapter describes the assessment of bioenergy potential in the context of existing energy systems. The description is focused on modern solid biomass heating systems, liquid biofuels, and biogas systems. Flow diagrams show global bioenergy flows and provide an overview of different renewable energy sources, and Preface vii main technologies to convert them into direct heat, or heat and power. The attached case studies demonstrate spatial data processing related to mapping of potential bioenergy sources and optimization of transport management. The ninth chapter deals with nuclear power, provides its historical overview, and discusses environmental issues. It also compares nuclear fission and fusion, which represents a great challenge for research and development. The chapter also includes mapping of world uranium mining production, which is documented with a number of thematic maps and charts. An overview of nuclear reactor generations with their deployment is illustrated in diagrams and tables. Environmental effects of using nuclear energy are discussed and complemented by flow diagrams for power genera- tion by fuel and demand by sector for selected regions. The case studies provide mapping of global and regional environmental impacts of operational nuclear instal- lations in relation to population density. The tenth chapter is principally devoted to the energy storage systems, which are increasingly important for the integration of variable power from renewables in the electricity grid. In particular, pumped storage hydropower and compressed air energy storage systems are explored together with their environmental impacts. The case studies are focused on selected installations of energy storage systems and their environmental evaluation. GIS is used for risk assessment mapping of related ecolo- gies and natural systems, physical environments, and human impacts. This book is the successor to earlier research activities on environmental conse- quences of energy use and many years of teaching, as well as research and teaching in the field of GIS and remote sensing. The book incorporates much information from recent reports, papers, and books, which summarize new developments in the assessment of energy sources and GIS. The materials are presented in such a way that they can be understood on different levels, in order to enable students and pro- fessionals to make quantitative estimates and form sound judgments. Case studies of energy projects taken from around the world provide examples of using GIS in selected stages of decision-making processes. Prague, Czech Republic Lubos Matejicek Acknowledgments The author expresses his appreciation to colleagues who aided him in discussions during the manuscript preparation. Special thanks are due to my editors and their reviewers. ix Contents 1 Introduction ............................................... 1 1.1 Energy Sources in the Scale of the Universe .................. 2 1.2 Energy Sources in the Scale of Mankind ..................... 5 1.3 Laws, Principles, and Physical Units ........................ 7 1.4 Food Energy ........................................... 8 1.5 The Environmental Issues ................................ 10 1.6 Basic Tools for Processing and Display of Spatial and Temporal Data Dealing with Energy Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.6.1 Processing Spatial and Temporal Data in Spreadsheets. . . . 18 1.6.2 Development Kits for Data Visualization on Website ..... 21 1.6.3 Statistical Programs ............................... 22 Bibliography .............................................. 26 2 Spatial and Temporal Analysis for Energy Systems .............. 29 2.1 Energy Sources and Energy Consumption in the Scale of the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.2 Spatial Data Models in GIS ............................... 31 2.2.1 Representing of Spatial Data with Vectors ............. 33 2.2.2 Representing of Spatial Data with Raster Datasets ....... 35 2.2.3 Representing of Spatial Data with Triangulated Irregular Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.2.4 Other Data Structures in Spatial Models ............... 35 2.3 Spatial Data Types ...................................... 36 2.4 Coordinate Systems ..................................... 39 2.5 Spatial and Temporal Modeling in GIS ...................... 41 2.6 Computer Systems for Spatial Data Management in GIS ........ 46 2.7 GIS Tools for Processing and Presentation of Data Focused on Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.7.1 Web-Based Applications ........................... 51 xi xii Contents 2.7.2 GIS Projects ..................................... 52 2.7.3 Development of Case-Oriented Software Applications .... 54 Bibliography ............................................... 59 3 Energy Outlook: Spatial and Temporal Mapping of Energy Sources Using GIS .......................................... 61 3.1 Global Primary Energy Consumption ....................... 61 3.1.1 The Energy Outlook from EIA ...................... 67 3.1.2 The Energy Outlook from IEA ...................... 72 3.1.3 The Energy Outlook from EEA ...................... 76 3.2 Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal ................................ 82 3.3 Nuclear Energy ........................................ 87 3.4 Hydroelectricity ........................................ 90 3.5 Renewable Energy ...................................... 91 3.6 Environmental Effects ................................... 94 3.7 Mapping Energy Sources Using GIS ........................ 99 3.7.1 Geodatabase Data Management ...................... 100 3.7.2 Spatial and Temporal Analysis ....................... 101 3.7.3 Display of Spatial and Temporal Data ................. 102 Bibliography ............................................... 108 4 Energy from Fossil Fuels: Digital Mapping of Sources and Environmental Issues ................................... 111 4.1 Description of Fossil Fuels ............................... 111 4.1.1 Coal as an Energy Source .......................... 113 4.1.2 Oil as an Energy Source ............................ 117 4.1.3 Natural Gas as an Energy Source ..................... 125 4.2 Mapping of Fossil Sources with GPS and GIS ................ 127 4.3 Mapping of Fossil Sources with Remote Sensing and GIS ....... 133 4.4 Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuel Use .................... 140 4.5 Integration of Spatial and Temporal Data in GIS .............. 144 4.6 Spatial and Temporal Modeling with GIS .................... 145 4.7 Case-Oriented Studies ................................... 151 4.7.1 Using GPS and Mobile GIS for Mapping of Fossil Fuels in a Local Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 4.7.2 Mapping Surface Coal Mines in a Regional Scale with Landsat Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 4.7.3 Modeling of Coal Dust Dispersion in a Local Scale ...... 158 Bibliography ............................................... 163 5 Hydropower: Assessment of Energy Potential and Environmental Issues in the Local and Global Scales ......... 165 5.1 Description of Hydropower Sources ........................ 165 5.2 Potential Sources of Hydropower .......................... 169 5.2.1 Storage Hydropower .............................. 171 5.2.2 Pumped-Storage Hydropower ....................... 172 5.2.3 Run-of-River Hydropower .......................... 173