Science for Sustainable Societies Rajarshi Dasgupta Shizuka Hashimoto Osamu Saito   Editors Assessing, Mapping and Modelling of Mangrove Ecosystem Services in the Asia-Pacific Region Science for Sustainable Societies Editor-in-Chief Kazuhiko Takeuchi, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Institute for FutureInitiatives,TheUniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan,Kanagawa,Japan This series aims to provide timely coverage of results of research conducted in accordance with the principles of sustainability science to address impediments to achievingsustainable societies–thatis, societiesthatarelowcarbon emitters,that live in harmony with nature, and that promote the recycling and re-use of natural resources.Booksintheseriesalsoaddressinnovativemeansofadvancingsustain- abilityscienceitselfinthedevelopmentofbothresearchandeducationmodels.The overallgoaloftheseriesistocontributetothedevelopmentofsustainabilityscience and to its promotion at research institutions worldwide, with a view to furthering knowledgeandovercomingthelimitationsoftraditionaldiscipline-basedresearchto address complex problems that afflict humanity and now seem intractable. Books published in this series will be solicited from scholars working across academic disciplines to address challenges to sustainable development in all areas of human endeavors. This is an official book series of the Integrated Research System for SustainabilityScience(IR3S)oftheUniversityofTokyoandtheInstituteforGlobal EnvironmentalStrategies(IGES). (cid:129) (cid:129) Rajarshi Dasgupta Shizuka Hashimoto Osamu Saito Editors Assessing, Mapping and Modelling of Mangrove Ecosystem Services fi in the Asia-Paci c Region Editors RajarshiDasgupta ShizukaHashimoto InstituteforGlobalEnvironmental DepartmentofEcosystemStudies Strategies UniversityofTokyo Hayama,Kanagawa,Japan Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan OsamuSaito InstituteforGlobalEnvironmental Strategies Hayama,Kanagawa,Japan ThisworkwassupportedbyAsiaPacificNetworkforGlobalChangeResearch. ISSN2197-7348 ISSN2197-7356 (electronic) ScienceforSustainableSocieties ISBN978-981-19-2737-9 ISBN978-981-19-2738-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2738-6 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Mangroves provide a plethora of indispensable ecosystem services that are vital to human well-being in low-lying coastal areas. They store a disproportionately high amount of carbon, regulate coastal water quality, protect from storms and waves, supportlivelihood,andthusplayapivotalroleinbothclimatechangemitigationand adaptation. Despite providing such immense benefits to humankind, nearly 3.6 million hectaresofmangroveshavealreadybeenlostduetoavariety ofanthropo- genicfactors,includingcoastaldevelopment,agriculturallandconversion,aquacul- tureexpansionandover-harvesting.Theremainingmangrovesalsosufferfromthe threatofdeforestation,anditisfearedthattheecosystemservicesofmangrovesmay befunctionallylostbytheendofthiscentury.Toprotecttheremainingmangroves, itisimportanttointegrate theirecosystemservicesincoastallanduseplanningby monitoringsynergiesandtrade-offsinthecoastaldevelopmentprocess. Thecurrentandfuturedeliveryofvitalmangroveecosystemservices,suchasthe ability to store carbon, sediment retention, pollution control and coastal hazard mitigation, will depend on a series of external factors and uncertainties, including climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. In 2016, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) recommendedtheadoptionofscenarioexercisestoassessbiodiversityandecosys- tem services through space and time. Scenarios are a useful tool and a structured process to determine the uncertain futures, and along with models, can provide important information on the current and future availability of ecosystem services. As a structured process, scenario planning involves steps such as identification of potentialinfluentialdrivers,theirrankingandnarrativedevelopment,amongothers. Similarly, there are multiple types of models, namely, correlative models, process- basedmodelsandexpert-basedmodels,toexploreecosystemservices. This book consists of 16 chapters, which aim to assess, map and model the mangroves and their vital ecosystem services. Focusing on the Asia-Pacific region and different ecosystem services of mangroves, the book presents case studies and methodologicaloverviewsonmangrovescenarioplanning,includingtrendanalysis, identificationofinfluentialdrivers,geospatialmappingandmodellingofecosystem v vi Preface services. The book is divided into two parts. The first part covers five chapters on trend analysis and identification of influential drivers of change. The rest of the chapters narrate different tools and techniques of mapping mangrove ecosystem services. Thebookismeantforstudentsandresearchersonmangroves;however,itshould be also useful for foresters and field-level practitioners. We are hopeful that the sharedknowledgefromthisbookwillpromotescenarioresearchinAsia-Pacificand promote evidence-led policy planning for foresting sustainable mangrove commu- nities. Hayama,Japan RajarshiDasgupta Tokyo,Japan ShizukaHashimoto Hayama,Japan OsamuSaito Contents 1 EnvisioningtheFutureofMangrovesThroughMapping andModelingofMangroveEcosystemServices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 RajarshiDasgupta,ShizukaHashimoto,andOsamuSaito PartI TrendAnalysis,ScenarioBuildingandIdentificationofthe InfluentialDriversofChange 2 MonitoringSpatialandTemporalDistribution,Pattern, andTrendPredictionofCoastalMangrovesinPakistanUsing GeospatialTechniques. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 15 MuhammadHussainandAtta-urRahman 3 AssessmentofMangroveColonizationofAquaculturePonds ThroughSatelliteImageAnalysis:ImplicationsforMangrove Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 KriseldaAnnadelosSantos,RamAvtar,SeverinoSalmoIII, andMasahikoFujii 4 EcosystemServicesandTheirFutureScenariosCentering onMangroveEcosysteminIshigakiIsland,Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 YasuoTakahashi,ShizukaHashimoto,andHuangWanhui 5 AParticipatoryStakeholder-BasedApproachtoAssesstheDrivers andChallengesofMangroveLossinKochi,Kerala,India. . . . . . . 77 SaniyaJoshy,JayshreeShukla,andShaliniDhyani 6 UnderstandingPotentialDriversofMangroveLoss inBhitarkanikaandMahanadiDelta,India,toEnhance EffectiveRestorationandConservationEfforts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 ShaliniDhyani,MuktipadaPanda,RakeshKadaverugu, RajarshiDasgupta,PankajKumar,SunidhiSingh,JayshreeShukla, ParasPujari,andShizukaHashimoto vii viii Contents PartII AssessingMangroveEcosystemServices 7 AdvancementinMeasurementandEstimationMethodsofBlue CarbonStudies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 AnirbanAkhand,AbhraChanda,andRajarshiDasgupta 8 ChangeMappingofAbovegroundCarbonStocksandEcosystem ServicesintheMangroveForestofAndamanIslands: ImplicationsforConservationandEcosystem-BasedAdaptation. . . 143 AnukulNath,ChitizJoshi,NehruPrabakaran,SonaliGhosh, andGautamTalukdar 9 DepictingMangrove’sPotentialasBlueCarbonChampionin Indonesia. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . 167 SyarifahAiniDalimunthe,IntanAdhiPerdanaPutri, andAriPurwantoSarwoPrasojo 10 Eco-EngineeringandMangroveRestorationMethodstoStabilize EarthenEmbankmentsandEstablishingBio-ShieldAgainst NaturalDisasters:ACaseStudyfromSundarbanRamsar Wetland,India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 AliyaNazandAbhiroopChowdhury 11 EcosystemServicesofUrbanFringeMangroveForests: TheCaseofTamsuiRiverEstuaryMangroveForest,Taiwan. . . . 199 Ming-KuangChung,Wan-HuiHuang,Li-PeiPeng, andShizukaHashimoto 12 DiversityandStructuralCharacteristicsofMangroveForests intheSouthernDistrictofOrientalMindoro,Philippines. . . . . . . . 219 A.F.M.RaganasandD.B.Magcale-Macandog 13 CulturalEcosystemServicesofMangroves:AReviewofModels andMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 KanikaBimrah,RajarshiDasgupta,andIzuruSaizen 14 Capacity-BuildingAroundIndigenousandLocalKnowledge(ILK) SystemsforEffectiveClimateAdaptationintheLow-LyingCoasts andSmallIslands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 BinayaRajShivakoti,NagisaShiiba,andPeterKing 15 EcosystemServicesandWell-BeingintheSundarbansof Bangladesh:AMultipleEvidenceBaseTrajectory. . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 RashedAlMahmudTitumirandMd.ShahParan 16 FosteringMangroveEcosystemServicesforaResilientFuture fortheAsia-PacificRegion:AKnowledgeSynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . 283 RajarshiDasgupta,ShizukaHashimoto,andOsamuSaito Editors and Contributors About the Editors RajarshiDasgupta isaSeniorPolicyResearcherintheInstituteforGlobalEnvi- ronmentalStrategies. Hereceivedhis Ph.D. inGlobal EnvironmentalStudies from KyotoUniversity,Japan.Hehasworkedextensivelywiththemangrovecommuni- ties in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and the Philippines and authored several research articles in peer-reviewed journals and edited volumes. He served as a LeadAuthor(LA)fortheIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformforBiodiver- sityandEcosystemServices(IPBES)Asia-PacificRegionalAssessmentReportand currentlyservingastheLeadAuthorfortheIPBESassessmentonSustainableUse ofWildSpecies.Hiscurrentresearchinterestincludesassessmentandmanagement of mangrove ecosystem services and their effective utilization for climate change adaptationanddisasterriskreductionthroughproactivelandscapeplanning. Shizuka Hashimoto is an Associate Professor at the Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo.He hasmore than tenyears ofexperience inecosystem servicesevaluation and scenario analysis. He is a member of the Science Council of Japan. At the internationallevel,hecontributedtotheIntergovernmentalSciencePolicyPlatform onBiodiversityandEcosystemServices(IPBES)GlobalAssessmentandtheAsia- Pacific Regional Assessment as a Lead Author, and IPCC-IPBES Co-sponsored workshop report as a Scientific Steering Committee member. Since 2018, he has served as one of the Multidisciplinary Expert Panel members of IPBES and a co-chairoftheTaskForceonScenariosandModels. OsamuSaito isaprincipalpolicyresearcherandanexpertinthefieldofbiodiver- sity and ecosystem services. He has been working on the interlinkages between ecological,humanandsocialsystemsthroughsustainabilityscienceapproaches.His research experiences include socio-ecological studies on the ecosystem services provided by traditional rural production landscapes (Satoyama) in both Japan and ix