Mycotaxon Vol. 89, No: 1, pp. 155-157, January-March, 2004. Journal home : http://www.mycotaxon.com Abstract : http://www.mycotaxon.com/vol/abstracts/89/89-155.html Full text : http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/asan-v89-checklist.pdf Aspergillus, Penicillium and Related Species Reported from Turkey Ahmet ASAN e-mail 1 (Official) : [email protected] e-mail 2 : [email protected] Postal Address: Prof. Dr. Ahmet ASAN. Trakya University, Faculty of Science -Fen Fakultesi-, Department of Biology, Balkan Yerleskesi, 22030 EDIRNE–TURKEY Web Page of Author : <http://personel.trakya.edu.tr/ahasan#.UwoFK-OSxCs> This internet site was last updated on October 25, 2022 and contains the following: 1. Background information including an abstract 2. A summary table of substrates/habitats from which the genera have been isolated 3. A list of reported species, substrates/habitats from which they were isolated and citations 4. Literature Cited Citation of this work as proposed by Editors of Mycotaxon in the year of 2004: Asan A. Aspergillus, Penicillium and related species reported from Turkey. Mycotaxon 89 (1): 155-157, 2004. Link: <http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/asan-v89-checklist.pdf> Abstract This database, available online, reviews 1150 published accounts and presents a list of species representing the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and related species in Turkey. Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. versicolor and Penicillium chrysogenum are the most common species in Turkey, respectively. According to the published records, 504 species have been recorded from various subtrates/habitats in Turkey. Key Words: Aspergillus, Penicillium Eupenicillium, Gliocladium, Paecilomyces, Talaromyces, fungal habitats, microfungi, fungal isolation, biomass, Turkey. Introduction The purpose of this database is to document the Aspergillus, Penicillium, and the related species isolated from Turkey. The database will make the Turkish literature on the subject available to an international audience. It will also give future researchers information on whether a species is a new record for Turkey. Aspergillus and Penicillium are economically, ecologically, and medically important and large genera. Species of these genera can cause the decay of stored products. They are important in view of health hazards. In addition, they are used in industrial and food fermentation processes, and they exist commonly in different types of soils, indoor and outdoor air, food and water [6, 15, 1 21]. Since Aspergillus and Penicillium are found almost everywhere, they are frequently cited in species lists in ecological studies. Aspergillus and Penicillium species are commonly found as contaminants in foods while drying and subsequent storage [7, 22]. Thus, accurate identification of Aspergillus and Penicillium at the species level is essential. Aspergillus and Penicillium are not easy to identify to the species level. To further complicate things, the taxonomy of both genera still needs work, but there appear to be fewer problems in Aspergillus than in Penicillium. Although molecular, biochemical and physiological methods are important for systematics of Aspergillus and Penicillium species, morphological and colonial characteristics are used common for identification. Methods Citation of the author names presented in this paper have been standardized according to Kirk & Ansell [23]. The nomenclature follows updates presented in Samson & Gams [24] and Pitt et al. [1]. Throughout my database, I assume that authors properly identified the species reported. Synonyms are cross-referenced and are not in bold print. More information on the taxonomy of these two genera can be found in many books, e.g. Pitt et al. [1], Samson & Pitt [2], Raper & Thom [3], Raper & Fennell [4], Pitt [5], Domsch et al. [6], Samson et al. [7], Ramirez [8], Pitt & Hocking [9], Singh et al. [10], Samson and Pitt [11], Klich [12], Pitt [292], Bennett [677], Samson et al. [798] and in many articles such as Christensen and Backus [13], Pitt [14], Klich [15], Banke et al. [16], Muntanola-Cvetkovic et al. [17], Peterson et al. [18], Tuthill et al. [19], and Tuthill et al. [20], Klich [12] etc. and the other articles published in 2007 [679, 680 and 681]. The online database reviews 1150 published materials and presents a list of species isolated from Turkey and some the other publications used for this study published in abroad. The species list for the Aspergillus and Penicillium species and related genera are arranged in alphabetical order. The first part of this work was published by Asan [25] in 2000. Synonyms and authors of fungal names can be found in literature, e.g. Samson & Pitt [2], Pitt et al., [1], Klich [12], www.mycobank.org and www.indexfungorum.org. New accepted species [adopted to one fungus one name system-single name nomenclatuıre, see Hawksworth et al., 2011 (The Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal Nomenclature)] are shown in bold and Italics for Aspergillus species according to the Samson et al.’s work (921) published in September 12, 2014, for Penicillium species according to the Visagie et al. (932). General Information As of October 25, 2022, there were 504 species had been isolated and identified from the different regions of Turkey. Asan [25] gave 251 species in 2000, and this database adds 253 species to the earlier list, bringing the total number of Penicillium species isolated in Turkey so far to 262 and of Aspergillus species to 160. Some microfungal taxa which were determined only to the genus level are presented in the Colakoglu [26-28, 576], Demirci & Caglar [29], Arslan & Baykal [30], Coskuntuna & Ozer [31], Yazicioglu et al. [32], Kalmis et al. [33], Ayata et al. [34], Atik & Tamer [35], Yazicioglu et al. [36], Eltem et al. [37], Yenigun [38], Azaz [39], Gozdasoglu et al. [94], Turkutanit [95], Aslan et al. [96], Gokcay and Taseli [98], Topal and Pembeci [229], Ergin et al. [230], Ozyaral et al. [239], Oksuz et al. [242], Erkilic et al. [231], Gur and Akin [248], Unlu et al., [257], Saba et al., [259], Gulec et al., [262], Azaz et al. [286], Okten et al. [288, 303], Iplikcioglu et al. [300], Okten et al. [303], Erdogan [314], Harmanci et al. [317], Ulutan et al. [320], Dincer et al. [329], Yulug and Kustimur [331], Var et al. [332 and 333], Bastas et al. [336], Karabulut et al. [338], Sennazli et al. [340], Ilhan et al. [341], Demirci and Kordali [342], Gunduz and Ok [343], Cakir et al. [344], Eken et al. [345], Alptekin et al. [348], Orman et al. [361], Tamer et al. [362], Hapcioglu et al. [364], Topbas et al. [367] and references between the 192-224. Also, Sulun [40] totally published soil microfungal flora of North-East Anatolia as a review in 2001. Yoltas and Ekmekci (545) isolated some Aspergillus and Penicillium sp. from cereal flakes and muesli. In addition, some Aspergillus and Penicillium species were isolated from loggerhead turtle (Caretta 2 caretta) egg shells and nest sand (617), school air in Izmir City (624-627), sun flower (631), air of kindergardens in Izmir City (635), tea in Rize City (637), chili pepper (656), foot of medical faculty students (177), diseased seedlings of cotton (673), vegetable seedbeds in greenhouses (674), bean (675), indoor and outdoor air of elementary school buildings (691), black tea (697), root knot nematodes (701), indoor air of homes in Izmir City (704), indoor air of high school in Izmir City (707), intensive care unit of hospital air fungi in Izmir City (708), indoor air of a cave in Manisa City (709), salted soil in Igdir Province (712), melon (714), outdoor air of Ankara (718), indoor air of Ankara (719), indoor air of Edirne (725), mixed feeds and feedstuffs from Hatay Province (730), red pepper (733), melon and water melon in Southeastern Anatolia (736), from floors and tools of Turkish bath, hammams (742), from urban air of Isparta City (744), indoor air of modern offices in Istanbul (745), human (747), indoor air of schools in Afyon City (743), from outdoor air in Fatih District of Istanbul (750), outdoor air from Corum City (752), air of kindergartens in Istanbul (755), indoor air from homes in Adana (757), from alfalfa-sainfoin-common vetch (762), pomegranate (769), corn (770), indoor air of official building of Kahramanmaras (771), indoor air of academic staff rooms in a medical faculty (796), ambient air in Istanbul (797), substrate and habitat are unknown (696), indoor air of kindergartens in Istanbul City (813), home air with have a pet-domestic animals (818), air of hand dryer equipments in Edirne City (840), Salt lake (842), urban air of Edirne city (843), indoor and outdoor air of library in Izmir (844), computer keyboards (845), Ankara urban air (846), cottonseed coat (858), air of new born units in university hospital in Izmir City (868), urban air of Mersin City (869), air of Karabuk City atmosphere (907); also Penicillium sp. isolated from kiwi (621), barley (622), hospital air in Edirne (639), cankers of Cupressus sempervirens var. horizantalis (659), sugar beet (663), sesame (698), wood of the native pines (710), leaf of apple (721), air of autopsy room in university hospital (754), sugar beet storages (hopper) (767), Salt lake (841); Aspergillus sp. isolated from rice (623, 720), crayfish (212), air of homes in Izmir City (636), cut flower (657), tomato (700). Also, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotium and Emericella sp. isolated from salt lake (Turkish: Tuz Golu) in Turkey (630), green pepper (717) and human hand (715, 724). Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eupenicillium and Talaromyces spp. were isolated from air of historical houses in Corum City (638), from nasal cavity of human with diatebes mellitus sick (746), from frontal bone of human (749), from cystic chondroid hamartomas in 31-year old women (787), human peritoneal effluent fluid (799), human lung with cystic pulmonary hamartomas (800), leaves and shoots of lemon trees (811), human lung biopsy (830), human nasal cavity (835), tobacco seedlings (857), Van Lake water (861). Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eupenicillium, Paecilomyces and Talaromyces spp. were isolated from air of Turkish baths in Corum City (640). Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Gliocladium species were isolated from rhizosphere of cotton in Aegean Region of Turkey (204). Paecilomyces sp. isolated from indoor air of dental unit and its inlet and outlet water and outdoor air of Istanbul City (676). Also, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Emericella and Paecilomyces isolated from hospital air in Izmir City (705); Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Paecilomyces isolated from hospital air in Izmir City (706). Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Eurotium isolated from barley- maize-rice-wheat-bulgur-flour (737). In addition, Gliocladium sp. isolated from bean (765), from leaves-root-stalks of potato seedling (766). Paecilomyces sp. isolated from human eye (803). Aspergillus Section Nigri, Aspergillus Section Flavi and Penicillium were isolated from dried fig (828). Also Aspergillus Section Flavi isolated from dried fig (832). Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces isolated from hurma olives in Karaburun Peninsula (Izmir- Turkey) (862). Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides and Penicillium subgenus Furcatum isolated from air and carpet in mosque located in Edirne City (870). Checklist books about Turkish mycoflora are rare; one of them about lichens was published in 2017, this book (1069) is related to checklist of Turkish lichens and there were 1898 species with Turkish vernacular names. Vernacular names was used first time for lichens reported from Turkey in mentioned book. And then, A Checklist of the Fungi of Turkey [E.Sesli, A.Asan, F.Selcuk (Eds)-1122] was published in December 2020. So, vernacular names of all fungal species, genus, family and phylum reported from Turkey can be found in this mentioned book. These vernacular names were used for the first time in this monumental book and also used in this study after publication of the book. Fungi have some functions in ecosystems such as decomposition of organic matter, accumulation of toxic materials and production of environmental biochemicals, etc. [250]. In 3 addition, Klich [251] reviewed the biogeography of Aspergillus species in soil and litter in 2002. She reviewed over 250 studies related with microfungi from soils and litter. Also Christensen et al. [252] reviewed Penicillium species in soil in relation to the latitude and vegetation. New fungal species have commonly been isolated from soil and plant debris [13, 253-255]. In Turkey, Aspergillus niger is the most commonly reported species. It has been reported in 433 different studies, with Aspergillus flavus reported in 361, Aspergillus fumigatus in 349, Aspergillus versicolor in 159, Penicillium chrysogenum in 169, Aspergillus terreus in 142, Aspergillus ochraceus in 100, Penicillium glabrum (= Penicillium frequentans) in 96, Aspergillus wentii in 81 and Penicillium funiculosum in 67 studies respectively. These species may adapt to ecological conditions better than the other, more rarely reported, species. Species were isolated from different substrates and/or habitats such as, soil, water, air, food, etc. Ilhan et al. [414] illustrated 4 Aspergillus, 1 Penicillium and 1 Paecilomyces species as morphological in SEM, second time in Turkey; Ozyaral and Johansson (183) demostrated SEM figures os some microfungi such as Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, Aspergillus glaucus, Alternaria alternata, etc. at first in Turkey. According to the Tumbay [423], first isolated Aspergillus species in Turkey is Aspergillus fumigatus that isolated from human external ear canals by Koukouli in 1923 [Koukouli M. 1923. Enduit des conduit auditif externe provoque par Aspergillus fumigatus. Gazete Medicale d’Orient. 68: 257; but originally of above literature is not seen; data obtained from Dr. Tumbay (423)]. But I could not find any other records between the years of 1923 and 1943. Checklist of Aspergillus was carried out in some other countries such as in Egypt by Abdel-Azeem et al. in 2020 since 1921 [1144]. The total number of Aspergillus, Penicillium and the related species isolated from some substrate and/or habitats being presented in the Table 1. Table 1. Genera and the substrates and/or habitats from which they were isolated in Turkey. Substrate Fungal Genus* Vertebrates & Invertabrates Buzzards (Buteo rufinus), scops owl (Otus scops), white pelican (Pelecanus crispus) (unknown about in study for Aspergillus fumigates isolated which A one) Budgerigar A Cat A Cattle A Chicken A Crayfish A Cut flower A Cyclotrichium sp. P Fish A, Pc Desert grasshopper A Dog A, P Geese A Green peach aphid P Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) Pc Human A, P, Pc, E Insect A, P, Pc Intestine of bee A, P Japanesse quail A Oribatid mites and other mites A, P, G Ostrich A Pigeon A Pseudoscorpion A, P, G 4 Races bees A Root knot nematodes A, P P Root lesion nematode- Pratylenchus thornei A Sheep, cat, monkey, horse, hen, pigeon, partridge Surface of Acari, Oribatida P, Pc Trombidioid mites A, P Turkey A Turkish Van Cat A, P A, P, G Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) Air Outdoor A, P, G Outdoor+Indoor P, E, Pc Indoor A, P, Pc, G, Em Air of food storage refrigerators A, P, T, Er Air of wood & wood based board factories A, P, Pc Food/Fodder Almond paste A, P, Er Biscuit A, P, G Black pepper, powdered P, E Bread A, P Butter A, P Cake A, P, G Cheese A, P Chicken feed A, P Cream cake P Flour A, P, F, Pc Foodstuff/Feed stuff A, P, N, Pc, Er Fodder A, P Green pepper A Kashar cheese A, P Margarine A, Pc Meat products A, P Mushroom P Olive A, P Packaged powder soup P, E Potato G Poultry feed A Poultry meat A Red pepper, powdered P, E, Pc, Er Sausage P Spices A Sugar beet and decayed apple A Tomato/tomato paste A, P Tulum cheese P Turkish delight P White pepper, powdered P, T Wheat/fodder A, P Cereal flakes A, P Muesli A, P Boza A Butter A, Pc Sumac A, P 5 Fruits/vegetables Apple A, P Apple+lemon+fig+grapefruit +apricot+tangerine+orange P Cherry P Citrus fruits P Decayed raspberry A Decayed strawberry A Lemon A, P Fig A, P Grape A, P Lemon+grapefruit+quince+ tangerine+orange+apple+ pomegranate+strawberry E Pear P Satsuma mandarin P Seedling of vegetables P Seedling root of vegetables P, E Sweet cherries P Tomato, cucumber, aubergine A, P, G Seeds/grains/nuts Barley A Black pine seed A, P Corn seed A, P Cottonseed coat A, P Cereal A, P Chestnut confectionery A Chickpea A, P Cracked wheat P Haricot bean A, P, G Hazelnut A, P, Er, Pc Lentil and corn P Onion seed A Peanut A Pistachio nut A, P Pomegranate A Potato/onion A, P, G Rape seed A, P Rice A, P Seed of hungarian vetch A Seed of Medicago sativa P Seed of Onobrychis viciifolia P Soybean seed A, P Soybean plant A Walnut+hazelnut+fig+peanut A Wheat seed A, P, T Wheat/barley A, P Raisin A hazelnut+walnut+peanut A +almond+roasted chickpeas Soil Agricultural soil A, P, E, G, T, Pc Black pine forest soil A, P, G, Pc, Er Cotton field soil A 6 Forest soil A, P, G, Pc, N Greenhose soil A, P, E, G, T, Pc, Er Mining areas A, P Oak forest soil A, P, G Orchard soil A, P Pistachio soil+outdoor air A Pistachio soil A Soil, detailed is unknown A, P, E, G, T, Pc, Er Soil+outdoor air+peanut A Soil polluted by cement A, P, Er Soil polluted by meat waste A, P Rhizosphere soil A, P, G Vineyard soil A, P Tea field soil A, P, G, Pc Wheat/Barley field soil A Water Chlorination-stage acidic effluents of P pulp and paper plant Lake water A, P, E, T, Er Salt Lake (Tuz Golu) A, P, Em, Er Waste water A, P Water of dental unit A, P General Apricot pulp A A, P Automated teller machines and bank cards Bark of tree A, P Baby talc powder A, P, Pc, Er Bank ATM and GSM telephone keys P Bee pollen A, P Biofilm A, P Books, surface A, P, T, Pc broomrapes-Orobanche cernua (A) Computer keyboards A, P Corn kernel A, P Cornflakes A, P, Pc Cotton material A Cut flower A Cyclotrichium sp. P Drug tablets A, P, N, T, Pc, Er Dung A, Pc Dust A, P, E, T, Pc Eye cosmetics A, P, E, Pc, Er Hair balm and brilliantine A, P Hatchery A Healing abutments P Honeycomb A Human Skin cream A Human dialysate sample A Human vaginal discharge A Juice of Citrus fruits A, P Lake water+outdoor air E Leather goods A, P, E, N, Pc, Er Leather P, E, T Lemon trees A Lucerne root cuttings A Marine sponges P Milk A, P 7 Milk, milk products, fruit juices T Mite cadavers on Japanese crab apple leaves Pc Mistletoe-Viscum album A, Pc Mobile Phones A, P Moss A, P Neolithic tree remains A, P Old Books A, P otoscope heads A Pharmaceutical products P, E Pistachio trees A Potato storage P Raw cotton A, P Shampoo A Sport shoes A, P Sugar beet P Sun flower A, P Surgical strings A, P, E, G, T, Pc, Er Syrup A Tea (packaged) A Tree-lemon, blackpine, yellowpine, calabrian pine: A Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) Pc Turkish cigarettes A, P, Er Waste of milk factory P ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Letters indicate: A: Aspergillus spp., P: Penicillium spp., E: Eupenicillium spp., G: Gliocladium spp., N: Neosartorya spp., T: Talaromyces spp., Pc: Paecilomyces spp., Er: Eurotium spp., Em: Emericella spp., F: Fennellia spp. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Historical, Taxonomical Notes and Schemas for Aspergillus & Penicillium Genera Aspergillus During the 19th century, the systematics of Aspergillus was strictly botanical. With the developments of pure culture methods in the turn of the century, some properties began to be observed [305]. Four monumental books on Aspergillus have been published since Link's definition of the genus in 1809. Klich [12] and Bennett (677) indicated that the PA Micheli first described the genus Aspergillus in 1729. Also Bennett (677) said, “One of the oldest named genera of fungi is Aspergillus Genus”. Also Hawksworth (779) denoted the “The name Aspergillus was first time by PA Micheli for 9 mould species” in 1729. Thom and Church organized 69 species into 13 groups in 1926. Thom and Raper introduced Czapek Agar as a standart culture medium and organized 77 species into 14 groups in 1945 [306]. “A Manual of the Aspergilli” published by Thom and Raper in 1954 (1141). Raper and Fennell's book is published in 1965. There are places 18 groups and 132 species; also there are descriptions of 28 new species; and they were described 150 taxa. Domsch et al. [6] have characterized 26 common species in 8 groups. Many of new species were published after 1965. Approximately 80 species in Aspergillus described as new between 1965-1985 and 670 publications per year have added to our knowledge of Aspergillus [306]. 58 new Aspergillus species are published between 1985-1992. In addition, 36 species of Aspergillus described as new between the 1992-1999 [307]. So, 174 new species between the year of 1965- 2000. But, Pitt et al [1] accepted only 184 Aspergillus species and 24 synonyms. In addition, Pitt et al. [1] accepted 8 holomorphic genera associated with Aspergillus anamorphs: Chaetosartorya, Emericella, Eurotium, Fennellia, Hemicarpenteles, Neosartorya, Petromyces and Sclerocleista. 8 Some new Aspergillus species published in the Journal Studies in Mycology (806, 807, 808 and 809) in August 2011. Mentioned new species are belong to the sections Nigri, Terrei, Flavi and Usti. Number of species generally vary in literature. Total number of Aspergillus species is approximately 250 (687). But Varga et al. (918) indicated that the numbers are 300-350 in August 2014. Samson et al. (921) wrote in their article that the Aspergilllus genus has 339 species in September 13, 2014. But Jurcevic et al. (971) indicated that the Aspergillus genus has 350 species. Samson and Pitt’s (Eds) study (2) was published in 1990 and its contain some important articles on Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. Also the other book edited by Samson and Pitt [11] was published in 2000 and its contain some important articles on Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. Klich’s work [12] was published in 2002. Although there are nearly 200 accepted Aspergillus species, Klich’s book considers only the morphology the 45 most common species, so is not intended to be a monograph of the genus. The other important book was published in 2007 by Samson and Varga (Eds) [678]; mentioned book contain important articles about Aspergillus Genus The new species isolated from primarily, India, Europe, Egypt, Syria, tropical Africa, Japan and North America. However, as the number of species described in Aspergillus increased, systematics problems multiplied [305]. According to the Bennett [677], Aspergillus taxonomy poses identification, nomenclature and classification problems. Some species of Aspergillus are osmophilic. Aspergillus genus can be characterized by the presence of conidiophores, vesicle (in terminal of the conidiophore), conidium-bearing cells (termed phialides; they may be uniseriate or biseriate), and foot cells. Foot cells of genus are generally difference as a morphologically [304]. Sclerotia can be found in some species (Aspergillus alliaceus Thom & Church, for example), but there is no sclerotia in most species. Using some media for identification of Aspergillus species [12]: CYA25 (Czapek Yeast Extract Agar used at 25 C), CYA37 (Czapek Yeast Extract Agar used at 37 C), CY20S (Czapek Yeast Extract Agar with 20 % sucrose), MEA (Malt Extract Agar), CZ (Czapek Dox Agar). Raper and Fennell [4] used group concept for subdivision of Aspergillus species. But group concept has no appropriate for ICBN [International Code of Botanical Nomenclature], so, Samson and Gams [24] proposed new scheme [7, 12] (below). More information about relationships of sections, see important work of Peterson [557] and references 687, 692, 903, 904, 918, 921, 971, 981. Subgenus Section Teleomorph Aspergillus Aspergillus Eurotium Link: Fr., Dichlaena Mont. & Durieu. Restricti Fumigati Fumigati Neosartorya Malloch & Cain. Cervini Ornati Ornati Warcupiella Subram., Sclerocleista Subram., Hemicarpenteles Sarbhoy & Elphick Clavati Clavati Nidulantes Nidulantes Emericella Berk. & Br. Versicolores Usti Terrei Flavipedes Fennellia Wiley & Simmons Circumdati Wentii Flavi Petromyces Malloch & Cain. Nigri Circumdati Neopetromyces Frisvad & Samson Candidi Cremei Chaetosartorya Subram. 9 Sparsi Ochraceorosei [New Sect., Source: Ref. 420] Stilbothamnium [Species forming synnemata (12)] Aspergillus parvisclerotigenus (Saito and Tsuruta) Frisvad & Samson, comb. nov. [Source: Ref. 420] Aspergillus brevijanus (Raper & Fennell) S.W. Peterson, comb. nov. (Source: Ref. 557). Neocarpenteles acanthosporus is the only known teleomorph of section Clavati [Source: Ref. 619]. The last schema placed in Samson and Varga’s study [687, 903] in the year of 2010, based on the phylogenetic analysis of the multilocus squence data: Subgenus Section Teleomorph Aspergillus Aspergillus Eurotium Link: Fr. Restricti Eurotium Link: Fr. Fumigati Fumigati Neosartorya Malloch & Cain. Clavati Neocarpenteles, Dichotomomyces Cevrini - Circumdati Circumdati Neopetromyces Frisvad & Samson Nigri - Flavi Petromyces Malloch & Cain. Cremei Chaetosartorya Subram. Candidi Candidi - Terrei Terrei - Flavipedes Fennellia Wiley & Simmons Nidulantes Nidulantes Emericella Berk. & Br. Usti Emericella Berk. & Br. Sparsi - Warcupi Warcupi Warcupiella Subram. Zonati Penicilliopsis Solms. Ornati Ornati Sclerocleista Subram. In addition: Varga et al. (692) proposed new section in 2010: Aspergillus sect. Aeni sect nov. for Aspergillus karnatakaensis sp. nov. In 2014, Hong et al. (904) indicated that the black koji molds can be subdivided in 3 species: A. luchuensis, A. niger and A. tubingensis according to the β- tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences. Hong et al. (904) indicated that the Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus kawachii, Aspergillus inuii, Aspergillus nakazawai, and Aspergillus coreanus are synonyms of the A. luchuensis. Aspergillus batatae, Aspergillus aureus (Aspergillus foetidus), Aspergillus miyakoensis and Aspergillus usamii are synonyms of A. niger. Also Aspergillus saitoi and A. saitoi var. kagoshimaensis are synonyms of the A. tubingensis). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Schema proposed by Varga et al. (918) in August 2014. Subgenus Section Teleomorph --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10