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ASM Specialty Handbook - Copper and Copper Alloys PDF

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® ASM Specialty Handbook Copper and Copper Alloys Edited by J. R. Davis Davis & Associates Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Handbook Committee ASM International Staff Scott D. Henry, Assistant Director of Reference Publications Bonnie R. Sanders, Manager of Production Nancy Hrivnak, Copy Editor Jill A. Kinson, Production Editor William W. Scott, Jr., Director of Technical Publications ASM International® Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 www.asminternational.org Copyright ©2001 by ASM International® All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise,without the written permission of the copyright owner. First printing,August 2001 Great care is taken in the compilation and production of this book,but it should be made clear that NO WAR- RANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MER- CHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to be accurate by ASM,ASM cannot guarantee that favorable results will be obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publication is intended for use by persons having technical skill,at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions of product or material use are outside of ASM’s control,ASM assumes no liability or obligation in connection with any use of this information. No claim of any kind,whether as to products or information in this publication,and whether or not based on neg- ligence,shall be greater in amount than the purchase price of this product or publication in respect of which dam- ages are claimed. THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE REME- DY OF BUYER,AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL,INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY OR RESULTING FROM THE NEGLI- GENCE OF SUCH PARTY. As with any material,evaluation of the material under end-use conditions prior to specification is essential. Therefore,specific testing under actual conditions is recommended. Nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture,sale,use,or repro- duction,in connection with any method,process,apparatus,product,composition,or system,whether or not cov- ered by letters patent,copyright,or trademark,and nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a defense against any alleged infringement of letters patent,copyright,or trademark,or as a defense against liability for such infringement. Comments,criticisms,and suggestions are invited,and should be forwarded to ASM International. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publications Data Copper and copper alloys / edited J. R. Davis; prepared under the direction of the ASM International Handbook Committee. p. cm. — (ASM specialty handbook) 1. Copper—Handbooks,manuals,etc. 2. Copper alloys—Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Davis,J.R. (Joseph R.) II. ASM International. Handbook Committee. III. Series. TA480.C7 C714 2001 620.1’82—dc21 2001022956 ISBN:0-87170-726-8 SAN:204-7586 ASM International® Materials Park,OH 44073-0002 www.asminternational.org Printed in the United States of America Preface Copper is mankind’s oldest metal, dating back some 10,000 years. Recognizing the industrial importance of this metal,ASM International All of the great civilizations of the past, including the Sumerian, has devoted the eighth volume of the ASM Specialty Handbook series to Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Chinese, used copper and copper alloys the engineering aspects of copper and copper alloys. Divided into four (principally bronze and later brass) for both decorative and utilitarian pur- major sections, this book describes the metallurgy and applications of poses. From antiquity through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance,cop- wrought, cast, and powder metallurgy alloys; fabrication and finishing per was used for military purposes, artistic applications such as church procedures; metallography, microstructures, and phase diagrams; and bells and statuary,tools,and numerous other functional objects. However, engineering properties and service characteristics. Although several it was the Industrial Revolution that brought about a tremendous change excellent texts have been published on copper during the past 25 years, in the production and consumption of copper and copper alloys. Electrical none can match the breadth of coverage offered in this Handbook. engineering in the modern industrial sense followed from Michael Faraday’s discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831, Werner von The sustained growth and development of the copper industry can be Siemens’invention of the electric dynamo in 1866,and Thomas Edison’s attributed in large part to the following technical organizations: the invention of the electric light bulb in 1878 and his construction of the first Copper Development Association Inc. (CDA), the International Copper electrical power generating plant in 1882. To this day,copper remains the Association,Ltd. (ICA),and the Canadian Copper & Brass Development key to modern power generation. Association (CCBDA). ASM International wishes to express its thanks for the cooperation it received from these organizations during the course The industrial importance of copper in the 20th and 21st centuries has of this project. The editor also extends his appreciation to these organiza- been extended by the ease with which it combines with other metals. Tin tions as well as the hard working and cooperative ASM Editorial and and zinc are and always have been the principal alloying elements, but Library staffs. Lastly, the contributions of the many authors who have many others—aluminum, nickel, beryllium, chromium, cadmium, man- written articles on copper and copper alloys published in the ASM ganese, etc.—form alloys with unique combinations of mechanical and Handbook should also be recognized. Their respective works are physical properties and excellent corrosion and wear resistance. These acknowledged throughout this Handbook. attributes have contributed toward copper and its alloys being the materi- al of choice for building construction (e.g., plumbing, wiring, and roof- Joseph R. Davis ing),but have also led to the use of copper in many demanding engineer- Davis & Associates ing applications in the marine, automotive, chemical, and electronics Chagrin Falls,Ohio industries. Continuing developments in superconductors, electric vehi- cles, solar heating, and large-scale desalination of water should ensure that copper remains an essential material in the future. vii Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii Nonstructural Applications of Copper and Copper Alloy Powders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Shape Memory Alloys and Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Metallurgy,Alloys,and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Shape Memory Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Copper-Matrix Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Introduction and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Tungsten-Copper P/M Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Major Groups of Copper and Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Molybdenum-Copper P/M Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Properties of Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Multifilament Composite Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Fabrication Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Copper-Clad Brazing Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Alloy Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Copper and Copper Alloy Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Temper Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Copper Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 The Copper Industry:Occurrence,Recovery,and Consumption . . . .10 Alkaline Plating Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Production of Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Acid Plating Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Copper Fabricators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Surface Preparation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Markets and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Bath Composition and Operating Variables . . . . . . . . . . .130 Standard Designations for Wrought and Cast Copper and Plating in Dilute Cyanide Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Plating in Rochelle Cyanide Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Alloy Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Plating in High-Efficiency Sodium and Potassium Temper Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Cyanide Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 International Alloy and Temper Designations . . . . . . . . . . .28 Plating in Noncyanide Copper Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Physical Metallurgy:Heat Treatment,Structure,and Properties . . . . .31 Plating in Pyrophosphate Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Commercially Pure Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Plating in Acid Sulfate Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Copper-Zinc Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Plating in Fluoborate Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Copper-Tin Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Wastewater Control and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Copper-Zinc-Tin Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Copper Plating Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Copper-Base Leaded Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Characteristics of Copper Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Copper-Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Copper in Multiplate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Copper-Beryllium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Copper Alloy Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Designating Copper and Its Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Brass Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Families . . . . . . . . . . .54 Bronze Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Strengthening Mechanisms for Wrought Copper Alloys . . .65 Waste Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Classification of Wrought Copper Products . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Electroless Copper Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Refinery Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Bath Chemistry and Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Wire Mill Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Deposit Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Flat-Rolled Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 The Manufacture of Sheet and Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Pretreatment and Post-Treatment Processes . . . . . . . . . . .144 Tubular Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Rod,Bar,and Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Performance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Cast Copper and Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Environmental and Safety Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Copper Casting Alloy Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Wear-Resistant and Corrosion-Resistant Copper Alloy Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Wear-Resistant Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Powder Metallurgy Copper and Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Corrosion-Resistant Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 The Powder Processing Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Pure Copper P/M Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Building Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Bronze P/M Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Electrical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Brass and Nickel Silver P/M Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Electronic Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Copper-Nickel P/M Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Industrial Machinery and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Copper-Lead P/M Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Copper-Base Friction Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Consumer and General Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Copper-Base Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Copper-Base Brush Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Fabrication and Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 Copper-Infiltrated Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Copper-Base Dispersion-Strengthened Materials . . . . . . .115 Melting and Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 iii Fabrication and Finishing(continued) Type I (Free-Cutting) Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Type II (Short-Chip) Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Casting Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 Type III (Long-Chip) Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Melting Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Additional Factors Affecting Machinability . . . . . . . . . . .268 Fluxing of Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Selecting Copper Alloys for Machinability . . . . . . . . . . . .268 Degassing of Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Recommended Machining Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 Deoxidation of Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Nontraditional Machining Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 Grain Refining of Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Filtration of Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Melt Treatments for Group I to III Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Alloy Metallurgy and Weldability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Production of Copper Alloy Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 Factors Affecting Weldability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 Casting Process Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 Arc Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 Gating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Filler Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Welding of Coppers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281 Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Welding of High-Strength Beryllium Coppers . . . . . . . . .284 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Welding of High-Conductivity Beryllium Copper . . . . . . .287 Effects of Composition,Cold Work,and Heat Welding of Cadmium and Chromium Coppers . . . . . . . . .287 Treatment on Formability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Welding of Copper-Zinc Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 Formability of Copper Alloys versus Other Metals . . . . . .197 Welding of Copper-Zinc-Nickel Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 Blanking and Piercing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Welding of Phosphor Bronzes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Welding of Aluminum Bronzes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 Drawing and Stretch-Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Welding of Silicon Bronzes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291 Coining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Welding of Copper-Nickel Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 Spinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 Welding of Dissimilar Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 Contour Roll Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 Safe Welding Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Rubber-Pad Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 Other Non-Arc Fusion Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 Specialized Forming Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Oxyfuel Gas Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 Springback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Resistance Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 Forming Limit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 Electron Beam and Laser Beam Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 Bending of Rod,Bars,and Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Solid-State Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 Bending and Forming of Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210 Brazing,Soldering,and Adhesive Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 Rotary Swaging of Rod,Bars,and Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Brazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 Forming of Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 Forging and Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Adhesive Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 Hot Forging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Surface Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 Cold Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 Cleaning and Finishing Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 Cold Heading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Preparation for Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 Coining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Plating,Coating,and Coloring Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . .328 Hot Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Powder Metallurgy Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 Metallography,Microstructures,and Phase Diagrams . . . . . . . .335 Production of Copper Powder by the Reduction of Metallography and Microstructures of Copper and Copper Alloys . .337 Copper Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 Macroexamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 Production of Copper Powder by Electrolysis . . . . . . . . . .225 Microexamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 Production of Copper Powder by Atomization . . . . . . . . .229 Metallography and Microstructures of Beryllium-Copper Alloys . . .354 Production of Copper Powder by Hydrometallurgical Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354 Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Specimen Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354 Production of Copper Alloy Powders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 Macroexamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355 Powder Pressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 Microexamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355 Sintering Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 Microstructures of Beryllium-Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . .356 Sintering Practices for Bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Solidification Structures of Copper Alloy Ingots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360 Sintering Practices for Brass and Nickel Silvers . . . . . . . .238 Dendrites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360 Heat Treating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 Grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363 Homogenizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 Ingot Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365 Annealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 Phase Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369 Stress Relieving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 Hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 Engineering Properties and Service Characteristics . . . . . . . . . .383 Heat-Treating Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Protective Atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Corrosion Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385 Heat Treating of Beryllium-Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . .253 Nature of the Protective Oxide Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385 Heat Treating of Chromium-Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . .257 Effects of Alloy Compositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385 Heat Treating of Zirconium-Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . .259 Types of Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387 Heat Treating of Miscellaneous Precipitation-Hardening Factors Influencing Alloy Selection in Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 Specific Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 Heat Treating of Spinodal-Hardening Alloys . . . . . . . . . .259 Atmospheric Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395 Heat Treating of Aluminum Bronzes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Corrosion in Soils and Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397 Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 Corrosion in Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398 Defining Machinability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 Corrosion in Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404 Machinability of Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Corrosion in Alkalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407 iv Engineering Properties and Service Characteristics(continued) C22000 90Cu-10Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482 C22600 87.5Cu-12.5Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483 Corrosion in Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408 C23000 85Cu-15Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483 Corrosion in Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409 C24000 80Cu-20Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485 Corrosion in Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410 C26000 70Cu-30Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485 SCC of Copper Alloys in Specific Environments . . . . . . .411 C26800,C27000 65Cu-35Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488 Protective Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414 C28000 60Cu-40Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489 Corrosion Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414 C31400 89Cu-9.1Zn-1.9Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .490 Stress-Corrosion Cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419 C31600 89Cu-8.1Zn-1.9Pb-1Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .490 Environmental Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419 C33000 66Cu-33.5Zn-0.5Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491 Metallurgical Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422 C33200 66Cu-32.4Zn-1.6Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491 Mechanical and Geometrical Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425 C33500 65Cu-34.5Zn-0.5Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492 SCC Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425 C34000 65Cu-34Zn-1Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492 Mitigation of SCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427 C34200 64.5Cu-33.5Zn-2Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493 Cracking Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427 C35300 62Cu-36.2Zn-1.8Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493 Effect of Temperature on Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430 C34900 62Cu-37.5Zn-0.3Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493 Low-Temperature Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430 C35000 62.5Cu-36.4Zn-1.1Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494 High-Temperature Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431 C35600 62Cu-35.5Zn-2.5Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495 Fatigue Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440 C36000 61.5Cu-35.5Zn-3Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495 Alloy Metallurgy and General Mechanical Properties . . . .440 C36500,C36600,C36700,C36800 60Cu-39.4Zn-0.6Pb . .496 Fatigue Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441 C37000 60Cu-39Zn-1Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496 Fatigue Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441 C37700 60Cu-38Zn-2Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497 Structure,Processing,and Property Relationships . . . . . .443 C38500 57Cu-40Zn-3Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497 Properties of Pure Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446 C40500 95Cu-4Zn-1Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498 Atomic and Electron Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446 C40800 95Cu-2Sn-3Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498 Crystal Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446 C41100 91Cu-8.5Zn-0.5Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499 Density and Volume Change on Freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . .446 C41500 91Cu-7.2Zn-1.8Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499 Electrical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446 C41900 90.5Cu-4.35Zn-5.15Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500 Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448 C42200 87.5Cu-11.4Zn-1.1Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500 Magnetic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449 C42500 88.5Cu-9.5Zn-2Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500 Optical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449 C43000 87Cu-10.8Zn-2.2Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501 Nuclear Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450 C43400 85Cu-14.3Zn-0.7Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501 Chemical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451 C43500 81Cu-18.1Zn-0.9Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451 C44300,C44400,C44500 71Cu-28Zn-1Sn . . . . . . . . . . .502 Properties of Wrought Copper and Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453 C46400,C46500,C46600,C46700 60Cu-39.2Zn-0.8Sn . .504 C10100,C10200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453 C48200 60.5Cu-38Zn-0.8Sn-0.7Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505 C10300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453 C48500 60Cu-37.5Zn-1.8Pb-0.7Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505 C10400,C10500,C10700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456 C50500 98.7Cu-1.3Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506 C10800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457 C50710 97.7Cu-2.0Sn-0.3Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507 C11000 99.95Cu-0.04O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457 C51000 94.8Cu-5Sn-0.2P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507 C11100 99.95Cu-0.04O-0.01Cd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460 C51100 95.6Cu-4.2Sn-0.2P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507 C11300,C11400,C11500,C11600 99.96Cu(cid:2)Ag-0.4O . .462 C52100 92Cu-8Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508 C12500,C12700,C12800,C12900,C13000 . . . . . . . . . .463 C52400 90Cu-10Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508 C14300,C14310 99.9Cu-0.1Cd; 99.8Cu-0.2Cd . . . . . . . .464 C54400 88Cu-4Pb-4Sn-4Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509 C14500 99.5Cu-0.5Te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465 C60600 95Cu-5Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509 C14700 99.6Cu-0.4S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465 C60800 95Cu-5Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510 C15000 99.85Cu-0.15Zr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466 C61000 92Cu-8Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510 C15100 99.9Cu-0.1Zr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467 C61300 90Cu-7Al-2.7Fe-0.3Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511 C15500 99.75Cu-0.11Mg-0.06P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468 C61400 91Cu-7Al-2Fe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512 C15710 99.8Cu-0.2AlO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468 C61500 90Cu-8Al-2Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513 2 3 C15720 99.6Cu-0.4AlO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469 C62300 87Cu-10Al-3Fe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513 2 3 C15735 99.3Cu-0.7AlO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469 C62400 86Cu-11Al-3Fe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514 2 3 C16200 99Cu-1Cd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469 C62500 82.7Cu-4.3Fe-13Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515 C17000 98Cu-1.7Be-0.3Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470 C63000 82Cu-10Al-5Ni-3Fe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515 C17200,C17300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471 C63200 82Cu-9Al-5Ni-4Fe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516 C17410 99.2Cu-0.3Be-0.5Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473 C63600 95.5Cu-3.5Al-1.0Si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516 C17500 97Cu-0.5Be-2.5Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473 C63800 95Cu-2.8Al-1.8Si-0.40Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517 C17600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475 C65100 98.5Cu-1.5Si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518 C18100 99Cu-0.8Cr-0.16Zr-0.04Mg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476 C65400 95.4Cu-3.0Si-1.5Sn-0.1Cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518 C18200,C18400,C18500 99Cu-1Cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476 C65500 97Cu-3Si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518 C18700 99Cu-1Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477 C66400 86.5Cu-1.5Fe-0.5Co-11.5Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519 C19200 98.97Cu-1.0Fe-0.03P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478 C68800 73.5Cu-22.7Zn-3.4Al-0.4Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519 C19210 99.87Cu-0.1Fe-0.03P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478 C69000 73.3Cu-22.7Zn-3.4Al-0.6Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .520 C19400 Cu-2.35Fe-0.03P-0.12Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478 C69400 81.5Cu-14.5Zn-4Si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521 C19500 97Cu-1.5Fe-0.1P-0.8Co-0.6Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479 C70250 95.4Cu-3.0Ni-0.6Si-0.1Mg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521 C19520 97.97Cu-0.75Fe-1.25Sn-0.03P . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480 C70400 92.4Cu-5.5Ni-1.5Fe-0.6Mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521 C19700 99.15Cu-0.6Fe-0.2P-0.05Mg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480 C70600 90Cu-10Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522 C21000 95Cu-5Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481 C71000 80Cu-20Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522 v Engineering Properties and Service Characteristics(continued) C90700 89Cu-11Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547 C91700 861(cid:2)Cu-12Sn-11(cid:2)Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547 C71500 70Cu-30Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523 C92200 88C2u-6Sn-11(cid:2)Pb2-41(cid:2)Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547 C71900 67.2Cu-30Ni-2.8Cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524 2 2 C92300 87Cu-8Sn-1Pb-4Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548 C72200 83Cu-16.5Ni-0.5Cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524 C92500 87Cu-11Sn-1Pb-1Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548 C72500 88.2Cu-9.5Ni-2.3Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525 C92600 87Cu-10Sn-1Pb-2Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549 C74500 65Cu-25Zn-10Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525 C92700 88Cu-10Sn-2Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549 C75200 65Cu-18Ni-17Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526 C92900 84Cu-10Sn-21(cid:2)Pb-31(cid:2)Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550 C75400 65Cu-20Zn-15Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526 2 2 C93200 83Cu-7Sn-7Pb-3Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550 C75700 65Cu-23Zn-12Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527 C93400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551 C77000 55Cu-27Zn-18Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527 C93500 85Cu-5Sn-9Pb-1Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551 C78200 65Cu-25Zn-8Ni-2Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528 C93700 80Cu-10Sn-10Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552 Properties of Cast Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529 C93800 78Cu-7Sn-15Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553 C81100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529 C93900 79Cu-6Sn-15Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554 C81300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529 C94300 70Cu-5Sn-25Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554 C81400 99Cu-0.8Cr-0.06Be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529 C94500 73Cu-7Sn-20Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554 C81500 99Cu-1Cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530 C95200 88Cu-3Fe-9Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555 C81800 97Cu-1.5Co-1Ag-0.4Be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530 C95300 89Cu-1Fe-10A1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555 C82000 97Cu-2.5Co-0.5Be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531 C95400 (85Cu-4Fe-11Al) and C95410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556 C82200 98Cu-1.5Ni-0.5Be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532 C95500 81Cu-4Fe-4Ni-11Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557 C82400 98Cu-1.7Be-0.3Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532 C95600 91Cu-2Si-7Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557 C82500 97.2Cu-2Be-0.5Co-0.25Si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533 C95700 75Cu-3Fe-8Al-2Ni-12Mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558 C82600 97Cu-2.4Be-0.5Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535 C95800 82Cu-4Fe-9Al-4Ni-1Mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558 C82800 96.6Cu-2.6Be-0.5Co-0.3Si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535 C96200 90Cu-10Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559 C83300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536 C96400 70Cu-30Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559 C83600 85Cu-5Sn-5Pb-5Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536 C96600 69.5Cu-30Ni-0.5Be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559 C83800 83Cu-4Sn-6Pb-7Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .537 C97300 56Cu-2Sn-10Pb-20Zn-12Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560 C84400 81Cu-3Sn-7Pb-9Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538 C97600 64Cu-4Sn-4Pb-8Zn-20Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560 C84800 76Cu-21(cid:2)Sn-61(cid:2)Pb-15Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538 2 2 C97800 66.5Cu-5Sn-1.5Pb-2Zn-25Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560 C85200 72Cu-1Sn-3Pb-24Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539 C99400 90.4Cu-2.2Ni-2.0Fe-1.2Al-1.2Si-3.0Zn . . . . . . . .561 C85400 67Cu-1Sn-3Pb-29Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539 C99500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561 C85700,C85800 63Cu-1Sn-1Pb-35Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539 C99700 56.5Cu-5Ni-1Al-1.5Pb-12Mn-24Zn . . . . . . . . . .561 C86100,C86200 64Cu-24Zn-3Fe-5Al-4Mn . . . . . . . . . . .540 C99750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561 C86300 64Cu-26Zn-3Fe-3Al-4Mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540 Beryllium copper 21C 97Cu-2Be-1Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562 C86400 59Cu-0.75Sn-0.75Pb-37Zn-1.25Fe-0.75Al- Beryllium copper nickel 72C 68.8Cu-30Ni-1.2Be . . . . . .562 0.5Mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540 C86500 58Cu-39Zn-1.3Fe-1Al-0.5Mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565 C86700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542 C86800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543 Specification Cross-Reference for Wrought and Cast Products . . . .567 C87300 (formerly C87200) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543 Approximate Equivalent Hardness Numbers for Wrought Coppers . .588 C87600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544 Approximate Equivalent Hardness Numbers for Cartridge Brass . . .589 C87610,Silicon Bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545 C87500,C87800 82Cu-4Si-14Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545 C87900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .591 C90300 88Cu-8Sn-4Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .546 C90500 88Cu-10Sn-2Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .546 Alloy Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .621 vi Metallurgy, Alloys, and Applications Introduction and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Copper-Base Brush Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Copper-Infiltrated Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Major Groups of Copper and Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Copper-Base Dispersion-Strengthened Materials . . . . . . . . . . .115 Properties of Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Nonstructural Applications of Copper and Fabrication Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Copper Alloy Powders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Alloy Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Temper Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Shape Memory Alloys and Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . .121 The Copper Industry:Occurrence, Shape Memory Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Recovery,and Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Copper-Matrix Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Tungsten-Copper P/M Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Production of Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Molybdenum-CopperP/M Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Copper Fabricators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Multifilament Composite Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Markets and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Copper-Clad Brazing Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Standard Designations for Wrought and Cast Copper and Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Copper and Copper Alloy Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Alloy Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Copper Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Temper Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Alkaline Plating Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 International Alloy and Temper Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Acid Plating Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Surface Preparation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Physical Metallurgy:Heat Treatment, Bath Composition and Operating Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Structure,and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Plating in Dilute Cyanide Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Plating in Rochelle Cyanide Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Commercially Pure Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Plating in High-Efficiency Sodium and Copper-Zinc Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Potassium Cyanide Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Copper-Tin Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Plating in Noncyanide Copper Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Copper-Zinc-Tin Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Plating in Pyrophosphate Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Copper-Base Leaded Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Plating in Acid Sulfate Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Copper-Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Plating in Fluoborate Baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Copper-Beryllium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Wastewater Control and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Copper Plating Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Characteristics of Copper Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Designating Copper and Its Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Copper in Multiplate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Strengthening Mechanisms for Wrought Copper Alloys . . . . . .65 Copper Alloy Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Classification of Wrought Copper Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Brass Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Refinery Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Bronze Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Wire Mill Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Waste Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Flat-Rolled Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Electroless Copper Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 The Manufacture of Sheet and Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Bath Chemistry and Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Tubular Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Deposit Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Rod,Bar,and Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Pretreatment and Post-Treatment Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Cast Copper and Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Performance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Copper Casting Alloy Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 Environmental and Safety Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Wear-Resistant and Corrosion-Resistant Copper Alloy Coatings . .150 Wear-Resistant Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Powder Metallurgy Copper and Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Corrosion-Resistant Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 The Powder Processing Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Pure Copper P/M Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Bronze P/M Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Building Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Brass and Nickel Silver P/M Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Electrical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Copper-Nickel P/M Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Electronic Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Copper-Lead P/M Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Industrial Machinery and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Copper-Base Friction Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Copper-Base Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Consumer and General Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Introduction and Overview COPPER was first used by man more than wrought alloys are available in various cold- detailed explanation of the UNS system can be 10,000 years ago. Small, decorative pendants worked conditions, and the room-temperature found in the article “Standard Designations for and other items discovered in the Middle East strengths and fatigue resistances of these alloys Wrought and Cast Copper and Copper Alloys” have been dated about 8700 B.C. These objects depend on the amount of cold work as well as the in this Handbook. Some copper and copper were hammered to shape from nuggets of alloy content. Typical applications of cold- alloys are also identified by descriptive names, “native copper,” pure copper found in conjunc- worked wrought alloys (cold-worked tempers) for example, Muntz metal (Cu-40Zn). Such tion with copper-bearing ores. The earliest arti- include springs,fasteners,hardware,small gears, descriptive names are discussed in the section facts known to be made from smelted metal cams,electrical contacts,and components. “Alloy Terminology”in this article. were also copper. These were excavated in Certain types of parts,most notably plumbing Anatolia (now Turkey) and have been dated as fittings and valves,are produced by hot forging Properties of Importance early as 7000 B.C.The discovery of a copper-tin simply because no other fabrication process can alloy and its uses led to the Bronze Age, which produce the required shapes and properties as began in the Middle East before 3000 B.C.More economically. Copper alloys containing 1 to 6% Along with strength, fatigue resistance, and recent discoveries in Thailand,however,indicate Pb are free-machining grades. These alloys are ability to take a good finish, the primary selec- that bronze technology was known in the Far widely used for machined parts,especially those tion criteria for copper and copper alloys are: East as early as 4500 B.C.The Bronze Age ended produced in screw machines. • Electrical conductivity about 1200 B.C., after which iron technology • Thermal conductivity (theIron Age) became common. • Corrosion resistance Today, copper and copper alloys remain one Major Groups of • Color of the major groups of commercial metals,rank- Copper and Copper Alloys • Ease of fabrication (See the section ing third behind only iron/steel and aluminum in “Fabrication Characteristics” in this article production and consumption. They are widely The elements most commonly alloyed with for details.) used because of their excellent electrical and copper are aluminum, nickel, silicon, tin, and thermal conductivities,outstanding resistance to zinc. Other elements and metals are alloyed in Electrical Conductivity corrosion,ease of fabrication,and good strength small quantities to improve certain material and fatigue resistance. They are generally non- characteristics, such as corrosion resistance or As shown in Table 1,a little more than 60% of magnetic. They can be readily soldered and machinability. Copper and its alloys are divided all copper and copper alloys consumed in the brazed,and many coppers and copper alloys can into nine major groups. These major groups are: United States are used because of electrical con- be welded by various gas, arc, and resistance • Coppers, which contain a minimum of ductivity. The bulk of these applications are wire methods. For decorative parts, standard alloys 99.3% Cu and cable, for example, telecommunications having specific colors are readily available. • High-copper alloys,which contain up to 5% wire and cable,electronic wire and cable,build- Copper alloys can be polished and buffed to alloying elements ing wire, magnet wire, power cable, and auto- almost any desired texture and luster. They can • Copper-zinc alloys (brasses), which contain motive wire and cable. be plated, coated with organic substances, or up to 40% Zn The electrical conductivity scale estab- chemically colored to further extend the variety • Copper-tin alloys (phosphor bronzes),which lished in 1913 was based on a copper standard of available finishes. contain up to 10% Sn and 0.2% P defined as 100%,and the electrical conductivity Pure copper is used extensively for cables and • Copper-aluminum alloys (aluminum of any material is still expressed as percent wires,electrical contacts,and a wide variety of bronzes),which contain up to 10% Al IACS (International Annealed Copper other parts that are required to pass electrical • Copper-silicon alloys (silicon bronzes), Standard), equal to 100 times the ratio of the current. Coppers and certain brasses, bronzes, which contain up to 3% Si volume resistivity of the annealed copper stan- and cupronickels are used extensively for auto- • Copper-nickel alloys, which contain up to dard (0.017241 μΩ(cid:3)m) at 20 °C (68 °F) to the mobile radiators,heat exchangers,home heating 30% Ni value measured for the material concerned. The systems,panels for absorbing solar energy,and • Copper-zinc-nickel alloys (nickel silvers), various other applications requiring rapid con- which contain up to 27% Zn and 18% Ni Table 1 Copper and copper alloy duction of heat across or along a metal section. • Special alloys, which contain alloying ele- consumption in the United States by Because of their outstanding ability to resist cor- ments to enhance a specific property or char- functional use in 1997 rosion, coppers, brasses, some bronzes, and cupronickels are used for pipes,valves,and fit- acteristic,for example,machinability End use Millions of pounds % tings in systems carrying potable water,process Alloys falling into these nine groups are iden- Electrical conductivity 5023 61 water,or other aqueous fluids. tified by their Unified Numbering System Corrosion resistance 1701 20 Heat transfer 949 11 In all classes of copper alloys, certain alloy (UNS) designation. Each designation consists of Structural capability 515 6 compositions for wrought products have counter- five numbers following the prefix letter “C.”In Aesthetics 131 2 parts among the cast alloys; this enables the this system,wrought alloys of copper are desig- Total 8319 100 designer to make an initial alloy selection before nated by numbers C1xxxx to C7xxxx, and cast Source:Copper Development Association Inc. deciding on the manufacturing process. Most alloys are designated C8xxxxto C9xxxx. A more 4 / Metallurgy, Alloys, and Applications highest purity copper produced today (99.999% Effect of Composition.All additives to pure often based on the trade-off between strength Cu) has been found to be 103% IACS. As shown copper reduce its electrical conductivity, and conductivity (Fig. 2). Figure 3 shows the in Table 2, only silver has a higher electrical depending upon the element and amount in general trade-off between strength and con- conductivity than copper. solid solution. Only small decreases are caused ductivity for solid-solution, dispersion, and Effect of Temperature.Electrical conductiv- by elements added in excess of solubility. The precipitation hardening. The optimal trade- ity is sensitive to temperature: for copper it data in Table 3 show the solubility of each ele- off is achieved by precipitation hardening, drops from 800% IACS at –240 °C (–400 °F) to ment in copper at room temperature and the which is usually the most costly because of 38% IACS at 425 °C (800 °F). degree to which each element decreases electri- either the alloy additions or extra processing. Effect of Grain Size and Cold Working. cal conductivity by indicating the resistivity Precipitation-hardening alloys exhibit The conductivity of copper is independent of its increase per 1 wt% added. There is a cumulative increases in electrical conductivity along with crystal orientation and does not vary significant- effect when more than one element is added. increased strength during the aging heat treat- ly with grain size. Cold working an annealed The drop in electrical conductivity caused by ment,as elements are removed from supersat- copper to about 90% reduction can cause a drop additions of commonly used alloying elements urated solid solution to form precipitates of of 2 to 3% IACS. is illustrated by Fig. 1,which shows the strong- intermetallic compounds. ly detrimental effects of phosphorus and iron When additional demands are placed on the Table 2 Electrical conductivity values for and the relatively mild decreases caused by sil- material—corrosion or oxidation resistance,for various metals and alloys ver and zinc additions. Oxygen in standard- example—the combinations become more grade copper reacts with many impurities, complex. Hence, understanding the properties Material %IACS yielding insoluble oxides and thereby greatly demanded by a given application is of para- Pure silver 106 reducing the harmful effects. Where oxygen- mount importance. Pure copper (99.999% Cu) 103.06 C10100 (oxygen-free electronic,OFE) 101 free or deoxidized copper is used,impurity lev- C10200 (oxygen-free,OF) 101 els must be reduced below those in cathode cop- Thermal Conductivity C11000 (electrolytic tough pitch,ETP) 101 per to achieve(cid:4)100% IACS. C10700 (oxygen-free with Ag,OFS) 100 C11300 (tough pitch with Ag) 100 Effect of Alloying and Condition.As with Copper and its alloys are also good conductors C10300 (OF extra-low P) 99 other metal systems, copper is intentionally of heat,making them ideal for heat-transfer appli- C12000 (phosphorus deoxidized,low-residual P, 98 alloyed to improve strength without unduly cations,for example,radiators and heat exchang- DLP) degrading ductility or workability. However,it ers. Changes in thermal conductivity generally C12900 (fire-refined tough pitch with Ag,FRSTP) 98 C18700 (Cu-0.8–1.5Pb) 96 should be recognized that additions of alloy- follow those in electrical conductivity in accor- C14700 (Cu-0.20–0.50S) 95 ing elements also degrade electrical and ther- dance with the Wiedemann-Franz relationship, C14500 (Cu-0.40–0.7Te) 93 mal conductivity by various amounts,depend- which states that thermal conductivity is propor- C15000 (Cu-0.10–0.20Zr) 93 ing on the alloying element and the tional to the product of electrical conductivity and C15700 (dispersion-strengthened with AlO) 93 C10800 (oxygen-free low-residual P,OFL2P)3 92 concentration and location in the microstruc- temperature. Table 4 compares the thermal con- C16200 (Cu-0.7–1.2Cd) 90 ture (solid solution, precipitate, dispersoid). ductivities of various metals and alloys. C12200 (phosphorus deoxidized,high-residual P, 85 The choice of alloy and condition is most DHP) 90Ag-10Cu 85 Table 3 Solubility limits and electrical Corrosion Resistance C18200 (Cu-0.6–1.2Cr) 80 C15760 (dispersion-strengthened with AlO) 78 resistivity effects of copper alloying ele- 2 3 Copper is a noble metal,but unlike gold and Pure gold 73.4 ments Pure aluminum 65 other precious metals,it can be attacked by com- C16500 (Cu-0.02Fe-0.50–0.7Sn-0.6–1.0Cd) 60 Solubility Resistivity increase mon reagents and environments. Pure copper Al 1100 (O) 59 Element at w29t%3 K, per 1 w(cid:5)t(cid:6)%· camddition, resists attack quite well under most corrosive C21000 (Gilding,95%) 56 conditions. Some copper alloys, however, have C19100 (99.5% min Cu+Fe-Ni-Pb-Zn-Te-P) 55 Ag 0.1 0.355 C19500 (96.0% min Cu+Fe-Sn-Zn-Pb-P-Co) 50 Al 9.4 2.22 limited usefulness in certain environments Al 2024 (O) 50 As 6.5 5.67 because of hydrogen embrittlement or stress- C50500 (Cu-1.3Sn) 48 Au 100 0.185 corrosion cracking (SCC). C17410 (beryllium copper,0.3% Be) 45 B 0.06 8.25 Al 7075 (O) 45 Be 0.2 4.57 Hydrogen embrittlement is observed Al 6061 (T6) 43 Ca … 4.77 when tough pitch coppers, which are alloys C31400 (leaded commercial bronze) 42 Cd 0.5 0.172 containing cuprous oxide, are exposed to a C22600 (jewelry bronze,87.5%) 40 Co 0.2 7.3 reducing atmosphere. Most copper alloys are Pure magnesium 38.6 Cr 0.03 4.9 C23000 (Cu-15Zn) 37 Fe 0.14 10.6 Al 7075 (T6) 33 Ga 20 1.27 100 Pure tungsten 30 Ge 11 3.2 Hg … 0.32 Cd Zn-27Al-1.2Cu-0.015Mg 29.7 In 3 0.615 90 Zn Ag Al 5056 (O) 29 Ni Ir 1.5 2 PCu2r6e0 z0i0n c(Cu-30Zn) 282.827 Mg 1 4.2 CS 80 Mn 24 3.37 A CC4327570000 ((CCuu--93.85ZZnn--22PSbn)-0.2P) 2287 NOi 0.1000002 12.12 y, %I 70 Ni Pure nickel 25.2 P 0.5 14.3 vit C17200 (beryllium copper,2% Be) 22 Pb 0.02 1.02 cti 60 Sn Pure iron 17.6 Pd 40 9.57 du Al C1051100 0st0e e(Clu-5Sn-0.2P) 1145.5 PRth 12000 0.16.355 Con 50 Fe Carbon steel (0.65% C) 9.5 S (cid:7)0.0025 18.6 Be C70600 (Cu-10Ni-1.4Fe) 9 Sb 2 2.9 40 P Si C74500 (Cu-25Zn-10Ni) 9 Se (cid:7)0.002 8.5 C65500 (Cu-3Si) 7 Si 2 7 30 C71500 (Cu-30Ni-0.5Fe) 4 Sn 1.2 1.65 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Type 316 stainless steel 2.5 Te (cid:7)0.0005 4 Alloy element content, wt% Ti 0.4 21.6 Note: Copper and copper alloys categorized as high-conductivity Zn 30 0.286 materials have conductivities ranging from ~50 to(cid:4)100% IACS. Zr (cid:7)0.01 8 Fig. 1 Effect of alloying elements on the conductivity of oxygen-free high-conductivity copper LIVE GRAPH Click here to view

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