ISSN 0119-8432 AA ASia Adventi5t $eminaryStudies VOLUME 7 2004 Grace, the Justice of God, and the Function of the Millennium in the Atonement 1-17 GEORGE R. KNIGHT Prov 30:1-6 as the Main Implied Reference in John 3:1-21 19-25 AECIO E. CAIRUS The Proclamation of Release in Luke 4:16-30 27-37 JAMES H. PARK SURD as a Remnant Term in the Context of Judgment in the Book of Jeremiah 39-58 KENNETH D. MULZAC Enfleshment of the Worship Experience: A Model for Church Music 59-79 JOHNNY RAMIREZ-JOHNSON, DAVID L. TAYLOR, RUBISEL RAMIREZ The Relationship Between Emotions and Health 81-90 EVELYN ALMOCERA Hermeneutics and the Writings of Ellen G. White 91-102 LIMONI MANU Did Nimrod Build the Tower of Babel? 103-12 MICHAEL 0. AKPA The Remnant Theology of Martin Luther 113-24 RICO JAVIEN Dissertation and Thesis Abstracts 125—Book Reviews 135 ASIA ADVENTIST SEMINARY STUDIES PUBLISHED ANNUALLY BY THE ADVENTIST INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES Asia Adventist Seminary Studies (AASS) is published once a year by AIIAS Publications under the auspices of the Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies (AIIAS), Silang, Cavite, Republic of the Philippines. It is the official scholarly journal of the AIIAS Theological Seminary. AIIAS is a graduate-level institution of Christian education owned and operated by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, serving the world, but especially the Asia-Pacific region. EDITOR Kenneth Mulzac EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Elsie dela Cruz EDITORIAL SECRETARY Ruby Orate CIRCULATION MANAGER Ivy Ambat THE MISSION of AASS is to publish research findings and practical contributions from AIIAS Theological Seminary by which pastors, teachers, administrators, and other church members may be benefitted in carrying out more knowledgeably and effectively the mission of the church in the Asia- Pacific region and in the world. SUBSCRIPTIONS to AASS may be obtained by writing to: Asia Adventist Seminary Studies P.O. Box 038 4118 Silang, Cavite Republic of the Philippines Annual subscription cost is US$7.00 within Asia and US$8.00 elsewhere, including postage. Payment in the Philippines may also be made in PHP at current exchange rates. Payment may be made by cash, check, or money order. Additional fees may be assessed if checks are not negotiable. Copyright ©2004 by AIIAS Publications AASS 7 (2004): 1-17 Paper presented during the AIIAS Theological Forum 2003: "Grace: The Foundation of Biblical Theology & Ministry" August 20-23, 2003 GRACE, THE JUSTICE OF GOD, AND THE FUNCTION OF THE MILLENNIUM IN THE ATONEMENT GEORGE R. KNIGHT, Ed.D. Professor of Church History, Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary, Andrews University Introduction Grace is absolutely central to the plan of salvation. Yet, there is a sense in which grace—giving people what they don't deserve, giving them forgiveness and eternal life when they deserve condemnation and death—is essentially unjust. In light of God being a God of grace, one of the central issues in any understanding of the atonement is the justice of God. How can God save some people and destroy others when all have rebelled and sinned against Him and His principles? It is the contention of this paper that the best answer to such questions is found in the Apocalypse of John. In examining that contention, we will look at the Apocalypse in terms of the Second Advent and God's judgment on sin, the millennial period and the universe's judgment on God, and the doxologies of the Apocalypse and the universe's verdict for God. The Climax of History, the World's Longest Battle, and God's Judgment on Sin The great climax of history arrives in Revelation 19, with Christ symbolically pictured as galloping out of heaven on a white horse to engage Satan in the battle that eventually brings about the end of the struggle between good and evil (v. 11). That picture of the Second Advent should be seen as a continuation of God's atoning, reconciling, saving work. "In his cross and resurrection," writes George Asia Adventist Seminary Studies(cid:9) 2 Eldon Ladd, "Christ won a great victory over the powers of evil; by his second coming, he will execute that victory."' One thing that takes place at the Second Advent is the resurrection of those who have died believing in Jesus (those who have accepted God's grace). While the wicked (those who have rejected God's grace) are slain at Christ's advent (Rev 19:1-21), the living and resurrected righteous are caught up to meet Jesus in the air and taken to heaven (1 Thess 4:15-17; 1 Cor 15:51-53; John 14:1-3). Thus, the earth is left without living people during the 1,000-year period of Rev 20. Christ, however, speaks of recompense, not only for the righteous but also for the wicked (Matt 16:27). He also talks of two resurrections. He claims, "The hour is coming when all who are in the tombs will hear his voice and come forth, those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of judgment ['damnation,' KJV]" (John 5:28-29).2 The rewards for both groups, of course, result from the decision of the pre- Advent judgment (Dan 7:22-27). Jesus goes on to claim that His judgment is "just [fair or righteous]" because He is in harmony with the Father (John 5:30). Thus, Jesus ties divine justice or righteousness to the decision as to who will come forth in the two resurrections. Such an assertion of righteousness in judgment, however, is far from being demonstrable proof of the fact of justice. This is an especially important problem in a universe where Satan has insinuated that God could not justly save some sinners without saving all of them. What Jesus does not make clear in John 5 is that 1,000 years will separate the two resurrections. That point is later revealed through John in Rev 20. According to that chapter, some people will be resurrected at the beginning of the 1,000 years (v. 4), while the "rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended" (v. 5). The context indicates that the first resurrection of Rev 20 is that of the righteous mentioned in John 5, while the second is that of "damnation," also mentioned in the Gospel. "Blessed and holy," writes the Revelator, "is he who shares in the first resurrection" (v. 6). Those who come up in the second resurrection soon meet the consuming fire of the "second death" (vv. 7-9). Whereas the resurrection of the dead is a fairly common theme in Scripture, Rev 20 is the only explicit mention of the 1,000-year period in the Bible. That time period is referred to as the millennium, a Latin phrase meaning 1,000 years. Christian interpretations vary widely concerning the significance of the millennium and its place in the flow of history. For example, Ladd writes that "the New Testament nowhere expounds the theology of the millennium, that is, its purpose 'George Eldon Ladd, A Commentary on the Revelation of John (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972), 252-53 (emphasis mine). Cited hereafter as Revelation of John. 'Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture quotations are from the RSV. 3(cid:9) Knight: Grace, the Justice of God, and the Function of the Millennium in the Atonement in God's redemptive plan."' Yet, he claims that "in some way not disclosed in Scripture, the millennium is part of Christ's Messianic rule by which he puts all his enemies under his feet (1 Cor. 15:25)."4 Meanwhile, it is important to examine the context of Rev 20. The immediate and obvious context is the material in chaps. 19 and 21. Robert H. Mounce points out that the recurring phrase "and I saw," of Rev 19:11,17,19; 20:1,4,12; and 21:1 "appears to establish a sequence of visions which carries through from the appearance of the Rider on the white horse (Rev. 19:11) to the establishment of the new heaven and new earth (Rev. 21: M."' Ladd also sees a connected series of visions, with chap. 18 telling of the destruction of Babylon, chap. 19 the destruction of the beast and false prophet, and chap. 20 the destruction of Satan himself.' The last half of chap. 19, as mentioned above, pictures Christ's second coming. This time, however, He comes not as the sacrificial Lamb of God, but as the "King of kings and Lord of lords" who will make war on all evil (vv. J1-21). Then comes Rev 20, after which we find a picture of Eden restored. John opens chap. 21 with a glimpse of "a new heaven and a new earth; for the first heaven and the first earth [that is, those polluted by sin and its results] had passed away." Next, John sees the "holy city," God's "new Jerusalem," coming down from heaven with blessings from the throne room/sanctuary and that God Himself will now dwell with His people and provide them with the full blessings of His covenant. "He will wipe away every tear from their eyes, and death [the penalty of sin] shall be no more, neither shall there be mourning nor crying nor pain any more, for the former things have passed away" (vv. 1-4). Rev 20, therefore, pictures the events that take place between the Second Advent and the establishment of God's perfect kingdom on earth. The millennium is the period that spans the gap from the time when sin was still alive and well, to the time when sin is no more. Rev 20 is the crucial link between those two very different earthly contexts. It holds an important place in God's great plan of at-one- ment, or reconciliation. At the end of the 1,000-year period, God finally eradicates the sin problem. A further contextual understanding of Rev 20 is rooted in Rev 16. Verses 12- 16, which describe the pouring out of the sixth plague, identify the three great symbolic adversaries of God: the dragon (identified as Satan in 12:9), the beast, and the false prophet. These three issue forth "demonic," wonder-producing spirits 'George Eldon Ladd, "Historic Premillennialism," in The Meaning of the Millennium: Four Views, ed. Robert G. Clouse (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1977), 39. 'Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation, New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977), 352. 'Ladd, Revelation of John, 261. Asia Adventist Seminary Studies(cid:9) 4 "who go abroad to the kings of the whole world, to assemble them for battle on the great day of God the Almighty. . . . And they assembled them at the place which is called in Hebrew Armageddon" (v. 16). Verses 14 and 15 make it clear that God's "great day" for the battle is at the second coming of Christ. This thought brings us back to Revelation's description of the Second Advent in chap. 19. Near the end of the chapter we find an account of the first part of the battle of Armageddon. "And I saw," writes John, "the beast and the kings of the earth with their armies gathered to make war against him who sits upon the horse and against his army" (v. 19). In the next verse we find two of our three acquaintances from chap. 16, namely, the beast and the false prophet. Christ captures and destroys them in "the lake of fire" (v. 20). With those two enemies (representing the leadership of Satan's human agents on earth) annihilated, God turns to deal with the root of the problem, Satan himself. Chapter 20 opens with Satan being bound for the 1,000-year period (vv. 1-3).7 At the end of that time, Satan and all his works and the results of sin are destroyed in "the lake of fire" (vv. 10,13-15). Armageddon, the final and decisive battle between Christ and Satan, is then over. Thus, Armageddon is represented in Rev 19 and 20 as having two significant engagements, one at the beginning of the millennium and one at the end.' The second Armageddon engagement finds God executing His ultimate and complete wrath on those sinners who have refused to accept (1) His principles into their lives, and (2) Christ's vicarious sacrificial propitiation (the basis of Grace) that turned aside the divine wrath (judgment on sin). Those individuals and forces destroyed in Armageddon will be those that have chosen to remain in rebellion against God, His government, and His law of love. Following the final destruction of Satan and the sin problem, Rev 21 and 22 depict the renovation of the earth into Eden restored (cf. 2 Pet 3:12,13). The Millennium and the Judgment "On" God G. B. Caird claims that Rev 20 has been "the paradise of cranks and fanatics . . and literalists." Furthermore, "it bristles with questions."' Why, he asks, must Satan be let loose to wreak further havoc after he had been firmly bound? And what claim does the devil have on God, that God is obliged to give him his due? Why the 'He is bound in the sense that with the righteous in heaven and the wicked in their graves he has no one to tempt or deceive. See Rev 20:2,7-8. 'Cf. Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, n.d.), 256, 268. 9G. B. Caird, The Revelation of St. John the Divine, Harper's New Testament Commentaries (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1987), 249. 5(cid:9) Knight: Grace, the Justice of God, and the Function of the Millennium in the Atonement millennium? And what blessing do the righteous receive that makes it worth their while to wait 1,000 years for the greater bliss of the new earth?' With such questions being raised by this controversial chapter, Caird sees several good reasons for leaving it out of the Bible. Nevertheless, in the face of the disturbing and troublesome issues suggested by Rev 20, he forcefully concludes that "the only safe inference is that John included the millennium because it was an indispensable element in his vision of the future."" The key to that "indispensable element" appears to be found in Rev 20:4, where the text refers to those to whom "judgment was committed." Two questions arise from that short expression: (1) Who will be passing judgment? and (2) What is the nature of the millennial judgment? With regard to the first question, Mounce suggests that according to Rev 20 "all we know for sure about the occupants of the throne is that judgment is given to them."' He then goes on to note other Bible passages that help identify the occupants. The apostles, for example, were promised that they would sit on twelve thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel (Matt 19:28). Paul told the Corinthian believers that "the saints will judge the world;" indeed, they would even "judge angels" (1 Cor 6:2-3).'3 Furthermore, earlier in the Apocalypse we find Christ promising that all who conquered would sit with Him on His throne (2:26; 3:21). On the basis of these texts and others, Ladd indicates that the judges in Rev 20:4 probably include all the saved, since "this would accord with the biblical theology as a whole, which gives to the saints a share in the eschatological rule of Christ.' But what is the function of their judgment? What is left to be judged? After all, the saints have already been judged worthy to come up in the first resurrection (Luke 20:35), and the wicked have obviously been found to be unworthy, since they do not come up until the second resurrection. The judgment of Rev 20 is obviously not to see who is saved or lost. The decision regarding the fate of all human beings will have been made before the Second Coming. At Christ's coming all will have received their just rewards. But questions arise: Were the rewards actually just? Did God really do the right thing in saving the saints while condemning those awaiting the second resurrection? Those questions bring us back to certain troubling Bible passages. For instance, in Matt 25:31-46, we cannot forget the total shock of both the sheep and the goats in the parable of the judgment. "Why me?" ask some of those judged as unrighteous. They may have kept the law as perfectly as they could, yet they are lost. Why? Because, claims Jesus, they did not really love their neighbors. They did "Ibid., 251 (emphasis mine). '2Mounce, 354. 'Ibid., 355. '4Ladd, Revelation of John, 263. Asia Adventist Seminary Studies(cid:9) 6 not really care about the sick, the poor, and the downtrodden. Thus, they had not internalized the principles of God's kingdom. They were mere keepers of the letter of the law, but they were out of harmony with its spirit of love. However, those judged to be sheep, having internalized the spirit of the law, but not being necessarily as dedicated as the Pharisees to a total life of consciously keeping the outward aspects of the law, are equally surprised. Neither group receives what they think they deserve (vv. 37-39,44). If both sides in this parable show such surprise at the nature of their final rewards, how do we know that they were handed out correctly? That brings me to the perplexing text of Matt 7:21-23. There Jesus declares: Not every one who says to me, "Lord, Lord," shall enter the kingdom of heaven. . . . On that day many will say to me, "Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy in your name, and cast out demons in your name, and do many mighty works in your name?" And then will I declare to them, "I never knew you; depart from me, you evildoers." Such sayings seem to be rather arbitrary. These people were obviously Christian believers of some sort. Not only were they believers, but they appear to have possessed some powerful spiritual gifts. How can God be so sure He is rejecting the right individuals? The entire problem is complicated by God's grace. Remember that God in His grace gives people what they do not deserve. This is why I essentially agreed with the older son in the parable of the prodigal in Luke 15, when I first read it as a 19-year-old agnostic. Thus, also my grumbling with the workers who had toiled through the heat of the day only to get paid the same amount as those who had worked only the last hour (Matt 20:1-16). Giving people what they do not deserve did not sit well with my human sense of justice. The problem even gets worse when one takes into account the fact that the rewards are eternal: immortal life versus eternal damnation (cf. Rom 6:23). And what if God gets so wild with grace that He gives it to some guy like Hitler or Stalin or people you personally know to have sexually abused 2-year-old children? Can God really be trusted? That is the most important question of the universe. After all, look at the mess He allows to go on year after year. He has permitted thousands of years of murder, rape, and sins of every sort. In summarizing the sceptic's position, C. S. Lewis writes: If God were good He would wish to make His creatures perfectly happy, and if God were almighty, He would be able to do what He wished. But the creatures are not happy. Therefore, God lacks either goodness, or power, or both.' 5 S. Lewis, The Problem of Pain (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 26. See also John Hick, Evil and the God of Love, rev. ed. (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1978), 5. 7 (cid:9) Knight: Grace, the Justice of God, and the Function of the Millennium in the Atonement So the question is urgent, "How can we trust such a Being?" And one person dying for another does not seem to be much of a solution. From the time of Cain, Satan has challenged the validity of substitutionary sacrifice, claiming that God is arbitrary and that there is no justice in having the best of men die so that a pack of criminals and rebels can get what they definitely do not deserve. Neither grace nor forgiveness seems to be completely moral. How can God justify (declare as righteous) some people and destroy others eternally? And what is He going to do with those who were early turned from God by their parents or who were born into non-Christian cultures where they had never heard the name of Jesus? In short, the most important questions ever asked are, "Can God be trusted?" And, "If He can be, on what basis?" That is what the millennium is all about. Its purpose is to provide the saints with the time and opportunity to pass judgment (Rev 20:4) on God's judgment on sin and His solution in Christ. By extension, because of God's judicious openness, the millennial judgment is the final phase of judgment by a concerned universe on how God has handled the sin problem on this earth, the lesson book of the entire cosmos (1 Cor 4:9). The millennial judgment is the universe's juridic validation of God's justice and righteousness in justifying and eternally saving those who have accepted Christ's sacrifice, while forever destroying other individuals who also sinned. Can God do this and still be trustworthy and just? That was the underlying problem Paul wrestled with in Rom 3:21-26. Earlier in chap. 3, Paul had been concerned that God might be "justified" in His words, and "prevail" when He was "judged." Paul was quoting the Septuagint version of Ps 51, where David was dealing with the blamelessness of God in His judgment on and sentencing of sin (Rom 3:4; Ps 51:3- 4). Thus, writes B. A. Gerrish, there is a sense in which "even God may be said to be justified."' On a cosmic scale the great millennial judgment is the validation of God's judgment on sin so that everyone sees the justice of His solution, and that solution is both the best and the only answer to the sin problem. It is crucial that all questions about God and His righteousness are settled before He destroys sinners and Satan in the second death at the end of the millennium. After that point it will be too late. Thus, the cruciality of the 1,000-year period that takes place between the two resurrections. It is my guess that life during the millennium will not be a completely peaceful time. Rather, it will be a time of healing and questioning and probably some weeping. How would you feel, for example, if you were to meet the murderer of your youngest child in the millennial kingdom? How would you react if, as far as you could tell, that person had gone to execution kicking, cursing, and unrepentant? There will be some saved like that. We know of one who first found '6B. A. Gerrish, "Justification," The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology, ed. Alan Richardson and John S. Bowden (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983), 314. Asia Adventist Seminary Studies(cid:9) 8 Jesus on the cross (Matt 27:44; Luke 23:39-43). Or how would you react if you discovered that one of the most saintly Christians you had ever known had failed to arise at the first resurrection? And what about family members whom you loved and felt you could never live without? What about sons, daughters, wives, husbands, mothers, fathers, and others with whom you shared closeness and who may be among the missing? What will be your attitude toward the God who intends to "execute" His judgment upon them at the end of the millennium? Could you really love and trust such a Being? Coming to grips with those questions, feelings, and attitudes will be part of the work accomplished during the millennium. As in the pre-Advent phase of the judgment, God desires to keep no secrets. In that earlier phase "ten thousand times ten thousand" angelic beings witnessed the proceedings (Dan 7:10). The same kind of openness will be evident in the post-Advent phase of judgment. Those resurrected will have a chance to examine and pass judgment on the evidence God has collected. The Bible speaks of books of judgment (Dan 7:10; 12:1; Phil 4:3; Rev 20:11-12). The presence of these books, Henry B. Swete concludes, indicates that "the sentence of the Judge is not arbitrary; it rests upon written evidence."" Rev 20:11-12 mentions two kinds of books, the book of life and another type, seemingly standing in contrast to the book of life. The books, Caird writes, "are the record books, containing all the evidence that the court needs if men are to be judged by their deeds."18 The book of life, Ladd suggests, "includes the names of all who have believed in Christ." In Rev 20:11-12 these books are mentioned in connection with the very last act of judgment at the end of the millennium, when God pronounces final sentence. The "books" had earlier been used in the pre-Advent judgment of Dan 7, and it is reasonable to suppose that they will be used by the saints during the millennial judgment. After all, the truth has nothing to lose from open investigation, and God's trustworthiness is the issue at hand. Just as God condescended to show the angels His justice and His righteousness in dealing with sinners in the pre-Advent judgment, so He does for the redeemed during the millennium." God's record-keeping system is undoubtedly much more advanced than human systems that use computer technology and sophisticated audiovisual devices. Since God is more concerned with motives than with outward actions, it seems safe "Swete, 272. During the time the Bible was being written, of course, there were few, if any, books as we know them. Records were kept on scrolls. Since that time record- keeping has progresively advanced from scrolls to bound books to computer technology. "Caird, 259. "'Ladd, Revelation of John, 273 . "See Edward Heppenstall, Our High Priest (Washington, DC: Review & Herald, 1972), 209.