ASEAN and Human Trafficking <UN> International Studies in Human Rights VOLUME 109 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ishr <UN> asean and Human Trafficking Case Studies of Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam By Naparat Kranrattanasuit LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kranrattanasuit, Naparat, author. ASEAN and human trafficking : case studies of Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam / By Naparat Kranrattanasuit.   p. cm. -- (International studies in human rights ; volume 109)  Includes bibliographical references and index.  ISBN 978-90-04-26517-2 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-26518-9 (e-book)  1. Human trafficking--South East Asia. 2. ASEAN. 3. Human trafficking--Cambodia. 4. Human trafficking --Thailand. 5. Human trafficking--Vietnam. I. Title.  KNC982.H86K73 2014  345.259’025--dc23 2014016829 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. Issn 0924-4751 isbn 978-90-04-26517-2 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-26518-9 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental, and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. <UN> The Author dedicates this book to all victims of human trafficking ∵ <UN> Contents Preface x Acknowledgments xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Statement of Problem and the Objectives of the Research 1 1.2 The Reasons of Examining Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam as Case Studies 4 1.3 The Significant Substance and Structure of this Book 5 2 Overview of asean and Its Influence on Community-Building between Internal and External Regions 8 2.1 Establishment of asean 10 2.2 The Origin and Evolution of asean 11 2.3 Actual Political Influence of asean 14 2.3.1 Vietnamese Invasion of Cambodia 14 2.3.2 South China Sea Dispute 16 2.4 Potential Human Rights Influence of asean 19 2.4.1 Three-Pillar Community Integration 20 2.4.2 asean Way 25 2.5. Debates on Human Rights Approach of asean 25 2.5.1 Discussion of the “asean Way” 26 2.5.2 Achievements and Challenges of asean Regional Forum 32 2.6 asean’s Mobilization on Human Trafficking 47 Conclusion 50 3 asean’s Struggle to Combat Human Trafficking 52 3.1 Inadequacy of Counter-Human Trafficking Law of asean 53 3.1.1 Lack of Common Counter-Human Trafficking Norms 53 3.1.2 Deficiency of Current Counter-Human Trafficking Law 61 3.2 Dysfunctional Counter-Human Trafficking Structure of asean 72 3.2.1 Background of Counter-Human Trafficking Structure 72 3.2.2 Critique of the Separation between Human Trafficking and Labour Migration 74 3.2.3 Need for Collaboration among Human Rights Bodies 79 3.3 Insufficient Powers of Existing asean Human Rights Bodies against Human Trafficking 84 <UN> viii contents 3.3.1 The Lack of Monitoring, Evaluation, and Data Collection on Achievements and Challenges of the National and Regional Policies 85 3.3.2 The Lack of State or Individual Complaints Admission 92 Conclusion 95 4 Challenges of National Responses of Asean Member States to Human Trafficking: Case Studies of Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam 97 4.1 Background of Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam 98 4.1.1 Origin of Human Trafficking Phenomenon in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam 98 4.1.2 Membership of Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam 105 4.2 Arguments of Legal Commitments of Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam to Counter-Human Trafficking and National Anti-Human Trafficking Law of Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam 107 4.2.1 Discussion over the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children 108 4.2.2 National Anti-Human Trafficking Law of Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam 112 4.2.3 Counter-Human Trafficking Practice in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam 128 Conclusion 150 5 A Proposal for Asean Regional Reform: The Establishment of Asean Declaration of the Promotion and Protection of Trafficking Victims (Adtv) and Asean Commission on The Promotion and Protection of Trafficking Victims (Actv) 152 5.1 Recommendations of the Selective Measures of asean Declaration on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Trafficking Victims (adtv) 153 5.1.1 Necessity of Creating adtv: Deficiency of Existing asean Regional and National Anti-Human Trafficking Laws 153 5.1.2 The Selective Measures of adtv 156 5.1.3 Feasibility of asean’s Acceptance of adtv 176 5.2 Recommendations of the Selective Qualification and Power of asean Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Trafficking Victims (actv) 179 5.2.1 Need for Forming actv 181 <UN> contents ix 5.2.2 Analysis of Selective Qualification and Monitoring Power of actv 185 5.2.3 Possibility of asean’s Admission of actv 207 Conclusion 209 6 Conclusion 210 APPENDIX A: Comparative Table of Trafficking Law Provisions of the UN Palermo Protocol and the National Anti-Human Trafficking Laws of Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam 215 APPENDIX B: ASEAN Member Countries on Corruption 241 Bibliography 242 Index 279 <UN>