AS AND A-LEVEL PHYSICS AS (7407) A-level (7408) Required practical handbook Version 2.1 This is the Physics version of this practical handbook. The sections on tabulating data, significant figures, uncertainties, graphing and subject specific vocabulary are particularly useful for students and could be printed as a student booklet by schools. The information in this document is correct, to the best of our knowledge as of September 2017. Key There have been a number of changes to how practical work will be assessed in the new A-levels. Some of these have been AQA-specific, but many are by common agreement between the Joint Council for Qualifications (JCQ) exam boards and Ofqual. The symbol signifies that all JCQ exam boards have agreed to this. The symbol is used where the information relates to AQA only. AQA Education (AQA) is a registered charity (number 1073334) and a company limited by guarantee registered in 2 of 149 England and Wales (number 3644723). Our registered address is AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4 Practical work in reformed A-level Biology, Chemistry and Physics .............................................. 7 Practical skills assessment in question papers ........................................................................... 12 Guidelines for supporting students in practical work ................................................................... 18 Use of lab books .......................................................................................................................... 20 Cross-board statement on CPAC ................................................................................................ 22 Criteria for the assessment of practical competency ................................................................... 23 Extra information on the endorsement ........................................................................................ 25 Monitoring visits ........................................................................................................................... 28 Evidence for the endorsement .................................................................................................... 32 Cross-board apparatus and techniques and AQA required activities .......................................... 34 Tabulating data ............................................................................................................................ 37 Significant figures ........................................................................................................................ 38 Uncertainties ............................................................................................................................... 39 Graphing ...................................................................................................................................... 47 Subject specific vocabulary ......................................................................................................... 57 Practical ladders and example experiments ................................................................................ 60 Appendix: questions from teachers ........................................................................................... 136 AQA Education (AQA) is a registered charity (number 1073334) and a company limited by guarantee registered in 3 of 149 England and Wales (number 3644723). Our registered address is AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Introduction Practical work brings science to life, helping students make sense of the universe around them. That’s why we’ve put practical work at the heart of our Biology, Chemistry and Physics A-levels. Practical science allows scientific theory to transform into deep knowledge and understanding – scientific thinking. Through investigation, students uncover the important links between their personal observations and scientific ideas. “In the best schools visited, teachers ensured that pupils understood the ‘big ideas’ of science. They made sure that pupils mastered the investigative and practical skills that underpin the development of scientific knowledge and could discover for themselves the relevance and usefulness of those ideas.” Ofsted report Maintaining Curiosity. A survey into science education in schools. November 2013, No. 130135 The purpose of this practical handbook This handbook has been developed to support you in advancing your students to fluency in science. Over the years, there have been many rules developed for practical work in Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Some have been prescriptive, some have been intended as guidance. Although we have always attempted to be consistent within subjects, differences have emerged over time. For example, students taking Physics may also be taking Biology and find themselves confronted with contradictory rules and guidance. This practical handbook is an attempt to harmonise the rules and guidance for Biology, Chemistry and Physics. There are occasions where these will necessarily be different, but we will try to explain why on the occasions where that happens. The A-level specifications accredited for first teaching in September 2015 bring with them a complete change in the way practical work is assessed. We have worked with teachers, technicians and examiners to produce this handbook. Unless specified, all guidance is common to Biology, Chemistry and Physics at both AS and A-level and subject-specific examples are for illustration only. However, the extent to which a particular aspect is assessed will differ. Teachers should refer to the specifications and specimen materials on aqa.org.uk/science for more information. AQA Education (AQA) is a registered charity (number 1073334) and a company limited by guarantee registered in 4 of 149 England and Wales (number 3644723). Our registered address is AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. The purpose of practical work There are three interconnected, but separate, reasons for doing practical work in schools and colleges. They are: 1. To support and consolidate scientific concepts (knowledge and understanding). This is done by applying and developing what is known and understood of abstract ideas and models. Through practical work we are able to make sense of new information and observations, and provide insights into the development of scientific thinking. 2. To develop investigative skills. These transferable skills include: • devising and investigating testable questions • identifying and controlling variables • analysing, interpreting and evaluating data. 3. To build and master practical skills such as: • using specialist equipment to take measurements • handling and manipulating equipment with confidence and fluency • recognising hazards and planning how to minimise risk. By focusing on the reasons for carrying out a particular practical, teachers will help their students understand the subject better, to develop the skills of a scientist and to master the manipulative skills required for further study or jobs in STEM subjects. The reformed A-levels in Biology, Chemistry and Physics separate the ways in which practical work is assessed. This is discussed in the next section. AQA Education (AQA) is a registered charity (number 1073334) and a company limited by guarantee registered in 5 of 149 England and Wales (number 3644723). Our registered address is AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Fluency in science practical work At the beginning of a Year 12 course, students will need support and guidance to build their confidence. This could involve, for example, breaking down practicals into discrete sections or being more explicit in instructions. Alternatively, a demonstration of a key technique followed by students copying may support their development. This could be a better starting point than ‘setting students loose’ to do it for themselves. Progression in the mastery of practical skills and techniques shows increasing independence and confidence. Safety is always the responsibility of the teacher. No student should be expected to assess risks and then carry out their science practical without the support and guidance of their teacher. AQA Education (AQA) is a registered charity (number 1073334) and a company limited by guarantee registered in 6 of 149 England and Wales (number 3644723). Our registered address is AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Practical work in reformed A-level Biology, Chemistry and Physics Statement on practical work by Glenys Stacey, Chief Regulator at Ofqual, April 2014 “Practical work and experimentation is at the heart of science. It matters to science students, their teachers and their future universities and employers. But A-level students do not always have the chance to do enough of it. Practical work counts for up to 30 per cent of the final grades and the vast majority of students get excellent marks for it, but still many enter university without good practical skills. It is possible to do well in science A-levels without doing sufficient or stretching hands-on science, and other pressures on schools can make it difficult for science teachers to carve out enough time and resource to do it if students can get good A-level grades in any event. That is not right – so why is it so? Students are assessed and marked on their performance in set tasks, but these are generally experiments that are relatively easy to administer and not particularly stretching. It has proved extremely difficult to get sufficient variety and challenge in these experiments, and so students do well even if they have not had the opportunity to do enough varied and stretching experimentation, and learn and demonstrate a variety of lab skills. What to do? In future, science A-level exams will test students’ understanding of experimentation more so than now. Those who have not had the chance to design, conduct and evaluate the results from a good range of experiments will struggle to get top grades in those exams. They will also be required to carry out a minimum of 12 practical activities across the two year course – practical activities specific to their particular science, and that are particularly valued in higher education. Students will receive a separate grade for their practical skills (a pass/fail grade). These reforms should place experimentation and practical skills at the heart of science teaching, where they should be. Students going to university to study a science are more likely to go well prepared. The reforms will also change the game for science teachers, enabling them to teach science in a more integrated and stimulating way and with more hands on science. Teachers will be able to say with justification that, without sufficient time and effort put into lab work, their students will struggle to get the grades they deserve.” Glenys Stacey, Chief Regulator The Ofqual blog: Practical Science. This contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government License v.3.0. AQA Education (AQA) is a registered charity (number 1073334) and a company limited by guarantee registered in 7 of 149 England and Wales (number 3644723). Our registered address is AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. The reformed AS and A-level specifications will have no direct assessment of practical work that contributes to the AS or A-level grades. There are two elements to the practical work that students must carry out in their study of A-level Biology, Chemistry and Physics: Apparatus and techniques These have been agreed by all Awarding Organisations (EBs), so all students will have experienced similar practical work after following a science A-level course. Examples: • use of a light microscope at high power and low power, including use of a graticule • purify a solid product by recrystallization • use a laser or light source to investigate characteristics of light. 12 required practical activities These have been specified by AQA. They cover the apparatus and techniques for each subject – so teachers do not have to worry about whether they are all covered. Examples: • use of aseptic techniques to investigate the effect of antimicrobial substances on microbial growth • carry out simple test-tube reactions to identify cations and anions in aqueous solution • determination of g by a free-fall method. These will be assessed in two ways: 1. Questions in the written papers, assessed by AQA Cross-board agreement on required apparatus and techniques 12 required practicals Questions in exam papers AQA Education (AQA) is a registered charity (number 1073334) and a company limited by guarantee registered in 8 of 149 England and Wales (number 3644723). Our registered address is AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. 2. The practical endorsement, directly assessed by teachers. Teachers will assess student competence at carrying out practical work. They will assess each student on at least 12 different occasions. This could be whilst teaching the 12 required practicals, or could be during other practical work of sufficient challenge. At the end of the course, teachers will decide whether or not to award a pass in the endorsement of practical skills. The teacher must be confident that the student has shown a level of mastery of practical work good enough for the student to go on to study science subjects at university. Teacher devised 12 required practical practical experiences activities of sufficient challenge Students’ practical skills in at least 12 practicals 5 competencies 1. Follows written instructions 2. Applies investigative approaches and methods when using instruments and equipment 3. Safely uses a range of practical equipment and materials 4. Makes and records observations 5. Researches, references and reports Endorsement of practical skills AQA Education (AQA) is a registered charity (number 1073334) and a company limited by guarantee registered in 9 of 149 England and Wales (number 3644723). Our registered address is AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Students who miss a required practical activity Written exam papers The required practical activities are part of the specification. As such, exam papers could contain questions about the activities and assume that students understand those activities. A student who misses a particular practical activity may be at a disadvantage when answering questions in the exams. It will often be difficult to set up a practical a second time for students to catch up, although if at all possible an attempt should be made. Teachers will need to decide on a case by case basis whether they feel it is important for the student to carry out that particular practical. This is no different from when teachers make decisions about whether to re-teach a particular topic if a student is away from class when it is first taught. Endorsement To fulfil the requirements of the endorsement, every student must carry out a minimum of 12 practicals. A student who misses one of the required practicals must carry out another practical to be able to gain the endorsement. In most cases, this can be any experiment of A-level standard. However, students must have experienced use of each of the apparatus and techniques. In some cases, a particular apparatus and technique is only covered in one required practical activity. If a student misses that activity, the teacher will need to provide an opportunity for the student to carry out a practical that includes that activity. The list below shows the apparatus and techniques that are covered by one activity only, as well as alternatives to the required practical. There is a possibility that the student could be asked questions about the required activity in written papers that would not be fully understood by carrying out the alternative. This should be considered when deciding whether to repeat the required activity. AQA Education (AQA) is a registered charity (number 1073334) and a company limited by guarantee registered in 10 of 149 England and Wales (number 3644723). Our registered address is AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX.