Mercury emissions from industrial sources in India Arun B. Mukherjee1, Prosun Bhattacharya2, Atanu Sarkar3 and Ron Zevenhoven4 1Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: [email protected] 2KTH-International Groundwater Research Group, Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 3Dept of Policy Studies, TERI University, The Energy and Resources Institute, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India 4Heat Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland Purpose of the study  To find out source categories of mercury emissions from industrial sources in India;  To estimate mercury emissions from industrial sources;  Effects of mercury in the aquatic species in the river Ganges;  Mercury concentration in the industrial areas;  Conclusion and Future direction. Acknowledgements  I thank Dr. Nicola Pirrone, CNR Institute for Atmospheric Pollution, Rende, and the Italian Ministry of Environment, Land & Sea for giving me the opportunity to attend the UNEP F&T-TF HTAP meeting in Rome.  I also thank my co-author, Dr. Atanu Sarkar, The Energy & Resources Institute (TERI); New Delhi for collection of data from different sources and forwarding the same to me in Helsinki. Sources and mercury estimation procedure  Sources:  Coal combustion;  Iron & Steel Industry;  Non-ferrous metallurgical industry (Cu, Pb and Zn);  Chlor-alkali plants:  Cement industry;  Wastes (MSW, Hazardous wastes & E-waste)  Others (Brick manufacturing, instruments & clinical thermometers)  Hg-estimations procedure: Published EF and estimation. Coal mining area = 855 km2 Coal mines = 572 Production = 373 Mt in 2004 Coal mining information  India is the third hard coal producer in the world after PR China and the USA;  There are 170 opencast mines; 359 underground and 33 mixed mines;  About 70% of the heat and electricity production in India depends on indigenous coals.  About 41 Mt of coking coals were imported in 2005. Figure 1. Chemistry of wet deposition of mercury (reproduced from Lindqvist et al., 1991) Table 1. Production of coal, metals, residue fuel oil, cement in India, 2000-2004 (Mt) (USGS 2005). Element 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Copper, Cu 0.256 0.293 0.385 0.391 0.401 1 Sec. 0.007 Copper# Lead, Pb 0.057 0.074 0.064 0.078 0.042 Sec. Pb# 0.040- 2 0.050 Zinc, Zn 0.176 0.207 0.232 0.254 0.238 2 Sec. Zn# 0.065e Pig Iron, 0.021 0.022 0.024 0.024 0.025 Fe Raw Steel 0.027 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.032 Hard coal 310 312.5 333.7 340e 373 Residue 7.965 8.308 7.855 6.905 7.267 fuel oil 3 production Cement 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11e e = Estimated value 1Indian Copper Development Center, Kolkata (2007) 2Indian Lead Zinc Dev Association, Delhi (2007); Note: The authority mentioned that production of secondary lead varies between 40000 to 50000 in a year 3IEA (2007); #Secondary metal production for 2004 Table 2. Leading Hg users in India (1998 – 2001) Sector Mercury content per unit Number of units Total mercury (in produced tons) Chlor-alkali About 200 g Hg used per 450,000 70 ton of Cl produced. 2 2 Thermometers 0.6 – 1.0 g 8957,000 7.2 Batteries *Alkaline not more than NA 25 mg 3 Hg-Zinc Total 33 to 50 per cent 1,650 million 25 by wt of the battery Zn-Carbon Total 1% Hg by wt of the NA battery 6 3 Fluorescent 0.0252 – 0.080 g/lamp 150 million 7.89 lamps 4 Thermostat 3 – 6 g 4051,000 18.23 switches 2 Alarm clocks Average 0.6 – 0.7 g/unit 1481,000 0.96 3 Hearing aids 0.4 g/unit 95,500 0.04 Table 4. Samples collected from eight coal based power plants in India (BHEL, 2004 vide Pande, 2006  Names of power plants Hg in coal mg/kg  GHTTP, Lehra, Mohabatt 0.26  Anpara, UP (BTPS) 0.26  North Chennai 0.33  NLC – TPS II 0.18  Chandrapura STPS 0.325  Kolaghat TPS (West Bengal) 0.61  Talchar TPS 0.33  Gandhinagar TPS 0.42  Range/Mean Range: 0.18 – 0.61; mean: 0.376