Arts and Culture Institutions as Urban Anchors Livingston Case Studies in Urban Development August 2014 Arts and Culture Anchor Institutions as Urban Anchors Livingston Case Studies in Urban Development Penn Institute for Urban Research University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA Eugénie L. Birch, Cara Griffin, Amanda Johnson, Jonathon Stover Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 Case 1. The Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, Miami, Florida: Creating a New Institution ........................................................................................... 5 Case 2. Arena Stage, Washington, D.C.: Developing The Mead Center .................. 25 Case 3. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois: Attracting Civic Support ...... 41 Case 4: The High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia: Expanding the Museum ......... 55 Case 5: The Kimmel Center: Facing Challenges ...................................................... 65 Case 6: The Martin Luther King, Jr. Library, San Jose, California: Developing a Joint Library ............................................................................................................... 87 Case 7: The Music Center: Taking on New Roles .................................................. 109 Case 8: The Woodruff Arts Center, Atlanta, Georgia: Adapting to a Changing City ................................................................................... 125 Introduction Urban Anchors Additionally,  Penn  IUR  convenes   anchor  institution  leaders,  their  civic   collaborators,  and  technical  experts  for   The  appeal  of  many  of  the   intense,  day-­‐long  roundtable  discussions.   country’s  most  successful  cities  comes   These  Penn  IUR  Roundtable  on  Anchor   from  their  anchor  institutions,   Institutions  (PRAI)  sessions  offer  an   geographically  rooted  entities  that  offer   opportunity  to  engage  with  peers,   the  jobs,  services,  entertainment  options,   strategize  solutions,  compare  notes  from   social  centers,  and  other  necessities  and   the  field,  and  build  a  community  of  anchor   amenities  that  make  urban  life  attractive.   institutions.  Prior  to  engaging  in  these   These  may  be  universities,  hospitals,   sessions,  institution  leaders  work  with   sports  facilities,  performing  or  visual  arts   Penn  IUR  to  develop  a  case  statement  that   and  other  cultural  facilities,  public   outlines  a  compelling  local  challenge.     utilities,  and  some  large  churches  and   Many  of  the  case  studies  presented   local  corporations.   here  originated  with  materials  and   Serving  as  engines  of  urban   discussions  at  PRAI  2008  (Arena  Stage,   renaissance  –  and  sometimes  even   Woodruff  Arts  Center)  and  PRAI  2010   survival  –  in  many  places,  anchor   (Art  Institute  of  Chicago,  High  Museum)   institutions  are  also  magnets  for   and  reflect  the  challenges  the  institutions   economic  development.  Their  influence   were  contending  with  at  that  time.  These   derives  from  their  landholdings  as  well  as   materials  have  been  supplemented  with   from  their  capacity  as  large  employers,   additional  interviews  and  research,  and   revenue  generators,  and  goods  and   addressed  to  a  broader  audience.  Other   services  purchasers.  They  contribute  to   case  studies  (Arsht  Center,  Martin  Luther   urban  reinvention  and  civic  pride,  and   King,  Jr.  Library)  are  included  here  to   attract  knowledge-­‐industry  workers  and   illuminate  lessons  most  useful  to  those  in   suburban  spenders.  They  often  fill   public  policy  fields.     important  vacuums  when  footloose   These  case  studies  illuminate  the   industries  leave  a  city.     issues  with  which  organizations  grapple,   Public  policymakers  and  scholars   whether  they  seek  to  build  a  new   have  taken  note  of  the  value  of  anchor   institution,  or  expand  an  existing   institutions:  a  growing  body  of  knowledge   institution,  or  simply  find  a  place  in  an   about  their  worth  has  developed  over  the   ever-­‐changing  metropolitan  environment.   past  ten  years.  Penn  IUR  is  a  leader  in  this   We  believe  that  sharing  the  processes   field.  Penn  IUR  Co-­‐Directors  Eugenie   that  these  institutions  have  gone  through   Birch  and  Susan  Wachter  are  among  the   will  help  students  of  public  policy   co-­‐founders  of  the  National  Anchor   understand  the  kinds  of  hurdles  –  both   Institution  Task  Force,  an  organization   internal  and  external  –  that  these   that  develops  and  disseminates   institutions  face  in  engaging  with  their   knowledge  that  helps  create  mutually   cities.  Our  hope  is  that  this  improved   beneficial  anchor  institution/community   understanding  will  facilitate  coordination   partnerships.     Introduction 1 among  all  parties  involved  in  creating   developing  and  implementing  a   mutually  beneficial  relationships  between   campus  improvement  plan  and   institutions  and  civic  communities.     considering  how  to  better  meet  the   plan’s  objectives,  in  particular  the   animating  of  the  new  central  piazza.   • Philadelphia’s  Kimmel  Center   Arts and Culture Institutions opened  in  2001  to  mixed  reviews:  its   Much  of  the  existing  literature  on   design  drew  strong  feelings,  both   anchor  institutions  focuses  on   positive  and  negative,  and  its   educational  and  medical  anchors  (“eds   acoustics  were  generally  criticized.   and  meds”)  and  stadiums,  which  –  while   Over  the  next  ten  years  it  continued  to   important  –  are  not  the  only  urban  anchor   face  public  criticism  and  internal   institutions  in  their  communities.  Penn   challenges.  This  case  illustrates  the   IUR’s  roundtable  series  has  gathered   ongoing  difficulties  of  creating  an   representatives  of  less  publicized  types  of   anchor  institution  from  scratch.     anchors.  Here  we  share  case  studies  of   • The  Martin  Luther  King,  Jr.  Library   arts  and  culture  institutions.     serves  as  both  the  main  library  for  the   • The  Adrienne  Arsht  Center  for  the   city  of  San  José  and  the  only  library  for   Performing  Arts  case  study  offers   San  José  State  University.  This  case   insights  into  the  conditions  that   explores  the  challenges  of  melding  the   empower  public,  private,  and   operations,  missions,  resources,  and   institutional  entities  to  create   users  of  two  distinct  entities  in  order   successful  anchor  institutions.  This   to  develop  and  operate  a  single   case  study  explores  the  factors  that   institution.   enabled  the  Arsht  Center  of  Miami,   • The  Music  Center  case  study   Florida  to  mature  as  an  organization   examines  the  institution  during  a   in  ways  that  serve  its  constituents.   decade  of  change  –  in  the  process  of   • The  Arena  Stage  case  study  explores   transforming  its  role  within  its   the  decisions  that  resulted  in  the   community,  which  was  itself   development  of  the  Mead  Center,  a   undergoing  a  transformation.       new  complex  completed  in  2010.  It   • This  case  study  describes  how  the   examines  the  issues  that  arose  as   Woodruff  Arts  Center  has  adapted  to   Arena  Stage  weighed  community   Atlanta,  Georgia’s  growth,  focusing  on   interests  with  financial  and  political   the  major  changes  the  Woodruff   considerations  while  striving  to  grow   implemented  between  2000  and  2010,   as  a  nationally  recognized  theater   in  order  to  provide  insight  into  the   company  in  Washington,  D.C.   relationship  between  the  structure   • The  Art  Institute  of  Chicago  case   and  culture  of  a  city  and  the   study  details  the  efforts  the  institute   operations  of  an  arts  anchor   undertook  to  attract  civic  support   institution.   during  trying  financial  times.   • The  High  Museum  case  study   explores  the  institution’s  experience   expanding  and  renovating  its  campus,   looking  back  on  the  process  of   2 Livingston Case Studies in Urban Development Acknowledgements Contributors This  research  would  not  have  been   Penn  IUR  Co-­‐Director  Eugénie  L.   possible  without  the  generous  financial   Birch  spearheads  Penn  IUR’s  anchor   support  of  Lawrence  Nussdorf  and  John   institution  research;  she  convened  PRAI,   Livingston.     led  site  visits  to  many  of  the  institutions,   Lawrence  Nussdorf’s  contributions   moderated  discussions  at  each  convening,   made  possible  Penn  IUR’s  Roundtable  on   and  directed  research  and  writing  of   Anchor  Institutions  (PRAI),  which   these  case  studies.  Cara  Griffin,  Penn  IUR   convenes  leaders  of  anchor  institutions  to   Editor  and  Publications  Manager,   discuss  common  issues,  including  (among   coordinated  the  development  of  these   others)  leaders  of  Arena  Stage  and  the   case  studies  and  researched  and  wrote   Woodruff  Arts  Center  in  2008  and  the   the  High  Museum  case  study.  Amanda   High  Museum  and  the  Art  Institute  of   Johnson,  Assistant  Professor  in  the   Chicago  in  2010.     Department  of  City  and  Regional  Planning   John  Livingston  supported  the   at  Boise  State  University,  researched  and   research  and  development  of  these  case   wrote  the  Art  Institute  of  Chicago  case   studies.   study.  Jonathon  Stover,  consultant  at  Jon   Thanks  also  to  the  many  people   Stover  &  Associates,  a  company   who  generously  shared  their  time  to  help   specializing  in  partnerships  between  the   develop  these  case  studies,  including   public,  private,  and  institutional  sectors,   Adrienne  Arsht,  John  Richard,  and  Valerie   researched  and  wrote  the  Adrienne  Arsht   Riles  at  the  Adrienne  Arsht  Center;   Center,  Martin  Luther  King,  Jr.  Library,   Desiree  Urquhart,  Susan  Haas-­‐Bralove,   Woodruff  Arts  Center,  and  Arena  Stage   Edgar  Dobie,  Molly  Smith,  and  Alison   case  studies.   Irvin  at  Arena  Stage;  Erin  Hogan,   David  Thurm,  and  James  Cuno  at  the  Art   Institute  of  Chicago;  Susan  Clark  and   Michael  Shapiro  at  the  High  Museum;   Natalye  Paquin  and  Anne  Ewers  at  the   Kimmel  Center;  Jane  Light  at  the  Martin   Luther  King,  Jr.  Library;  Josephine   Ramirez,  Howard  Sherman,  and  Stephen   Rountreeand  at  the  Music  Center;  and  Joe   Bankoff  and  Tara  Perry  at  the  Woodruff   Arts  Center.   Introduction 3