ARTIFICIAL REEFS IN EUROPEAN SEAS Artificial Reefs in European Seas Edited by: A. C. JENSEN K. J. COLLINS A. P. M. LOCKWOOD School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton, S014 3ZH, United Kingdom SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is available. ISBN 978-0-7923-6144-2 ISBN 978-94-011-4215-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4215-1 Printed an acid-free paper AlI Rights Reserved © 2000 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2000 No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Contents Acknowledgements viii Introduction and Background to ~ificial Reefs in European Seas' Antony Jensen, Ken Collins and Peter Lockwood ix Chapter 1 Artificial Reefs off the Mediterranean Coast of Israel Ehud Spanier 1 Chapter 2 Turkey: A New Region for Artificial Habitats Altan Lok and Adnan Toka~ 21 Chapter 3 Artificial Reefs in the Adriatic Sea Giovanni Bombace, Gianna Fabi and Loris Fiorentini 31 Chapter 4 Artificial Reefs in Sicily: An Overview Silvano Riggio, Fabio Badalamenti and Giovanni D'Anna 65 Chapter 5 Artificial Reefs in the Gulf of Castellammare (North-West Sicily): A Case Study Fabio Badalament~ Giovanni D'Anna and Silvano Riggio 75 Chapter 6 Artificial Reefs in North West Sicily: Comparisons and Conclusions Giovanni D'Anna, Fabio Badalamenti and Silvano Riggio 97 Chapter 7 Prediction of Benthic and Fish Colonization on the Fregene and other Mediterranean Artificial Reefs Giandomenico Ardizzone, Alessandra Somaschini and Andrey Bel/uscio 113 Chapter 8 The Loano Artificial Reef Giulio Relini 129 v vi Contents Chapter 9 Artificial Reefs in the Principality of Monaco: Protection and Enhancement of Coastal Zones Denis Allemand, Eugene Debernardi and William Seaman, Jr 151 Chapter 10 Artificial Reefs in France: Analysis, Assessments and Prospects Gilbert Barnabe, Eric Charbonnel, Jean-Yves Marinaro, Denis Odyand Patrice Francour 167 Chapter 11 Artificial Reefs in Spain: The Regulatory Framework Silvia Revenga, Fransisco Fernandez, Jose Luis Gonzalez and Eladio Santaella 185 Chapter 12 Artificial Anti-trawling Reefs off Alicante, South-Eastern Iberian Peninsula: Evolution of Reef Block and Set Designs Alfonso A. Ramos-Esplti, Juan E. Guillen, Just T. Bayle and Pablo Sanchez-Jerez 195 Chapter 13 Artificial Reef Programme in the Balearic Islands: Western Mediterranean Sea Isabel Moreno 219 Chapter 14 Artificial Reefs of the Canary Islands Ricardo Haroun and Rogelio Herrera 235 Chapter 15 Portuguese Artificial Reefs Carlos Costa Monteiro and Miguel Neves Santos 249 Chapter 16 The Poole Bay Artificial Reef Project Antony Jensen, Ken Collins and Philip Smith 263 Chapter 17 An Artificial Reef Experiment off the Dutch Coast Rob Leewis and Frank Hallie 289 Chapter 18 Environmental Effects of Artificial Reefs in the Southern Baltic (Pomeranian Bay) Juliusz C. Chojnacki 307 Chapter 19 Employment of Artificial Reefs for Environmental Maintenance in the Gulf of Finland Alexander Antsulevich, Pasi Laihonen and Ilppo Vuorinen 319 Contents vii Chapter 20 Rigs to Reefs in the North Sea Gordon Picken, Mark Baine, Louise Heaps and Jonathan Side 331 Chapter 21 Coal Ash for Artificial Habitats in Italy Giulio Relini 343 Chapter 22 Effects of Artificial Reef Design on Associated Fish Assemblages in the Cote Bleue Marine Park Eric Charbonnel, Patrice Francour, Jean-Georges Harmelin, Denis Ody and Frederic Bachet 365 Chapter 23 The Potential Use of Artificial Reefs to Enhance Lobster Habitat Antony Jensen, John Wickins and Colin Bannister 379 Chapter 24 Physical Protection of the Seabed and Coast by Artificial Reefs Ben Hamer, John Gardner and Robert Runcie 403 Chapter 25 Shipwrecks on the Dutch Continental Shelf as Artificial Reefs Rob Leewis, Godfried van Moorsel and Hans Waardenburg 419 Chapter 26 'Periphyton' Colonization: Principles, Criteria and Study Methods Annalisa Falace and Guido Bressan Chapter 27 Investing in Artificial Reefs David Whitmarsh and Helen Pickering 435 Chapter 28 Legal Framework Governing Artificial Reefs in the European Union Helen Pickering 451 Chapter 29 Current Issues Relating to Artificial Reefs in European Seas Antony Jensen, Ken Collins and Peter Lockwood 469 Index 501 Colour Plates 1-24 may be found between pages 242 and 243. Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge colleagues involved in the initiation and production of the book. Bob Carling was the original commissioning editor for Chapman and Hall who provided the initial impetus in developing the project. The authors (and their close colleagues) of all the chapters worked hard to produce English language manuscripts and were patient and helpful with our editing procedures. Silvano Riggio provided the original artwork for the cover. Without the support of colleagues at Southampton such as Emma Mattey (who helped with the project in many ways from its inception), Jean Hart (who converted manuscripts to camera- ready copy and helped with editing), Kate Davies (responsible for many of the final figures and cover layout) and Phil Smith (proof reading and support) this book would not have been finalised. Henny Hoogervorst has guided the final production process for Kluwer. Our sincere thanks to all. We could not have done it without you. Antony Jensen Ken Collins Peter Lockwood February 1999 viii Introduction and Background to 'Artificial Reefs in European Seas' ANTONY JENSEN, KEN COLLINS and PETER LOCKWOOD University of Southampton, Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton S014 3ZH, UK School of Ocean and Earth Science It became apparent at the international artificial reef conference at Long Beach, California in 1991 that little was known of European artificial reef research outside Europe. The main cause for this lack of awareness seemed to be the relatively small number of English-language papers coming from Europe; workers, quite rightly, choose to publish mostly in their own languages. This effectively isolated European literature from most American and Japanese workers who comprise the numerical majority of active reef researchers. In addition European artificial reef scientists were, in the early 1990s, operating in relative isolation from each other: reef research was generally concentrated in the Mediterranean and there was only limited exchange between some research project teams in Italy, Monaco, France and Spain. As a step towards ending this relative isolation, the European participants at the Long Beach conference agreed that a European network of artificial reef scientists should be formed. In 1994 this initiative was developed by one of the editors of this book (AJ) into a successful proposal to the European Commission (EC) 4th Framework AIR (Agriculture and agro-industry, including fishing) programme to financially support the European Artificial Reef Research Network (EARRN) for three years, commencing May 1995. In preparing the bid to the EC for funding to support EARRN a questionnaire had been widely circulated in 1993 throughout geographical Europe to identify active reef scientists (Jensen, 1994). Those who replied from within the European Union (EU) formed the initial members of EARRN (EC funding for a network or 'concerted action' will only support activities of scientists within, the EU or those formally associated with the framework programmes). More generally, those who replied were considered to be potential contributors to a book aimed at providing an English-language synopsis of artificial reef research activity in European seas from its origins in Monaco during the 1960s (Bombace et ai., 1993) to the present date. This book represents the fulfilment of that aim. Most of the contributors are current members of EARRN. In 1995 EARRN (EC contract AIR-CT94-2144) membership consisted of 51 scientists from 36 laboratories in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, UK, Netherlands, Finland and Germany. The primary aims of EARRN were: (1) To promote increased awareness of and collaboration between current artificial reef programmes throughout Europe, both marine and freshwater. (2) To reach a consensus of opinion on given issues. ix A. C. Jensen et al. (eds.), Artificial Reefs in European Seas, ix-xii © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. x A. Jensen et al. (3) To promote awareness of current issues (socio-economic and management) within the artificial reef scientific community, and encourage consideration of these aspects in developing future research proposals. (4) To initiate a bibliography of European publications on artificial reef research. As EARRN developed its activities (a major conference in 1996 (Jensen, 1997a) followed by four themed workshops (reef design and materials: Jensen, 1998a; research protocols: Jensen, 1997b; management of coastal resources and fisheries enhancement: Jensen 1997c; Socio-economic and legal aspects of artificial reefs: Whitmarsh et al., 1997) associates were involved from Monaco, Poland, Romania, Israel, Denmark, Norway and Turkey. All were active in artificial reef research and contributed to the aims of the network, providing a summary of present research (Jensen, 1997) and recommendations for the direction of future research to the EC (Jensen, 1998b). EARRN has (1999) entered a new phase and the network has expanded beyond its originalSl members. A website provides a focus for information (http://www. soc.soton.ac.uk/SUDO/RES/EARRN/contentsframe.htm) and an email discussion list facilitates communication. The next challenge for members is to develop Europe-wide research collaboration. At present there is little international European collaboration in research, projects tend to be based on national requirements. This is showing signs of change: workers in the Canary Islands (Spain) will be involved with artificial reef deployment research taking place off Madeira (Portugal) (R. Haroun, personal communication) over the next few years, and proposals for reefs in Greece are looking to incorporate Italian reef technology (c. Papaconstantinou, personal communication). Initiatives such as this show the way ahead. Currently, most artificial reefs in European seas are deployed for research or contain a research component within the overall aims of the project. In Italy and Spain reef development has gone beyond this stage with reefs based on previous scientific experience being deployed for fisheries, mariculture and habitat protection purposes. Portugal is soon to deploy a 40 km2 reef off the Algarve for fisheries enhancement based on research findings (M. Neves dos Santos, personal communication). Members of EARRN, led by Professor Giulio Relini (University of Genoa, Italy), have played a key role in organizing the 7th International Conference on Artificial Reefs and related Aquatic Habitats (7th CARAH) in San Remo, Italy, 7-11 October 1999. This is the first time that this meeting has come to Europe, a recognition of the emergence of European influence within the global scene of artificial reef research. Most European seas artificial reef programmes are represented in this book. Contributions for this book have been written by colleagues from Turkey, Israel, Italy, Monaco, France, Spain, Portugal, the UK, the Netherlands, Norway, Finland and Russia. Interests in artificial reefs are very varied, ranging from the 'expected' fishery enhancement through mariculture and ranching, nutrient removal and into environmental and habitat protection and nature conservation. The environ- mental factors vary as well. Artificial reefs have been placed in both oligotrophic