THIRD EDITION EGYPT ARTHUR GOLDSCHMIDT JR. ROBERT JOHNSTON AFRICAN HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES Edited by Jon Woronoff 1. Cameroon, by Victor T. Le Vine and Roger P. Nye. 1974. Out of print. See No. 48. 2. The Congo, 2nd ed., by Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff. 1984. Out ofprint. See No. 69. 3. Swaziland, by John J. Grotpeter. 1975. 4. The Gambia, 2nd ed., by Harry A. Gailey. 1987. Out ofprint. See No. 79 5. Botswana, by Richard P. Stevens. 1975. Out ofprint. See No. 70. 6. Somalia, by Margaret F. Castagno. 1975. Out ofprint. See No. 8 7. 7. Benin (Dahomey), 2nd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1987. Out ofprint. See No. 61. 8. Burundi, by Warren Weinstein. 1976. Out ofprint. See No. 73. 9. Togo, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1996. 10. Lesotho, by Gordon Haliburton. 1977. Out ofprint. See No. 90. 11. Mali, 3rd ed., by Pascal James Imperato. 1996. 12. Sierra Leone, by Cyril Patrick Foray. 1977. 13. Chad, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1997. 14. Upper Volta, by Daniel Miles McFarland. 1978. 15. Tanzania, by Laura S. Kurtz. 1978. 16. Guinea, 3rd ed., by Thomas O'Toole with Ibrahima Bah-Lalya. 1995. 17. Sudan, by John Voll. 1978. Out ofprint. See No. 53. 18. Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, by R. Kent Rasmussen. 1979. Out ofprint. See No. 46. 19. Zambia, 2nd ed., by John J. Grotpeter, Brian V. Siegel, and James R. Pletcher. 1998. 20. Niger, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1997. 21. Equatorial Guinea, 3rd ed., by Max Liniger-Goumaz. 2000. 22. Guinea-Bissau, 3rd ed., by Richard Lobban and Peter Mendy. 1997. 23. Senegal, by Lucie G. Colvin. 1981. Out ofprint. See No. 65. 24. Morocco, by William Spencer. 1980. Out ofprint. See No. 71. 25. Malawi, by Cynthia A. Crosby. 1980. Out ofprint. See No. 84. 26. Angola, by Phyllis Martin. 1980. Out ofprint. See No. 52. 27. The Central African Republic, by Pierre Kalck. 1980. Out ofprint. See No. 51. 28. Algeria, by Alf Andrew Heggoy. 1981. Out ofprint. See No. 66. 29. Kenya, by Bethwell A. Ogot. 1981 . Out ofprint. See No. 77. 30. Gabon, by David E. Gardinier. 1981 . Out ofprint. See No. 58. 3 1. Mauritania, by Alfred G. Gerteiny. 1981. Out ofprint. See No. 68. 32. Ethiopia, by Chris Prouty and Eugene Rosenfeld. 1981. Out of print. See No. 56. 33. Libya, 3rd ed., by Ronald Bruce St John. 1998. 34. Mauritius, by Lindsay Riviere. 1982. Out ofprint. See No. 49. 35. Western Sahara, by Tony Hodges. 1982. Out ofprint. See No. 55. 36. Egypt, by Joan Wucher King. 1984. Out ofprint. See No. 67. 37. South Africa, by Christopher Saunders. 1983. Out ofprint. See No. 78. 38. Liberia, by D. Elwood Dunn and Svend E. Holsoe. 1985. Out of print. See No. 83. 39. Ghana, by Daniel Miles McFarland. 1985. Out ofprint. See No. 78. 40. Nigeria, 2nd ed., by Anthony Oyewole and John Lucas. 2000. 41. C6te dJIvoire( The Ivory Coast), 2nd ed., by Robert J. Mundt. 1995. 42. Cape Verde, 2nd ed., by Richard Lobban and Marilyn Halter. 1988. Out ofprint. See No. 62. 43. Zaire, by F. Scott Bobb. 1988. Out ofprint. See No. 76. 44. Botswana, 2nd ed., by Fred Morton, Andrew Murray, and Jeff Ramsay. 1989. Out ofprint. See No. 70. 45. Tunisia, 2nd ed., by Kenneth J. Perkins. 1997. 46. Zimbabwe, 2nd ed., by Steven C. Rubert and R. Kent Rasmussen. 1990. Out ofprint. See No. 86. 47. Mozambique, by Mario Azevedo. 1991. Out of Print. See No. 88. 48. Cameroon, 2nd ed., by Mark W. DeLancey and H. Mbella Mokeba. 1990. 49. Mauritius, 2nd ed., by Sydney Selvon. 1991. 50. Madagascar, by Maureen Covell. 1995. 5 1. The Central African Republic, 2nd ed., by Pierre Kalck; translated by Thomas 07Toole. 1992. 52. Angola, 2nd ed., by Susan H. Broadhead. 1992. 53. Sudan, 2nd ed., by Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, Richard A. Lobban, Jr., and John Obert Voll. 1992. Out ofprint. See No. 85. 54. Malawi, 2nd ed., by Cynthia A. Crosby. 1993. Out ofprint. See No. 84. 55. Western Sahara, 2nd ed., by Anthony Pazzanita and Tony Hodges. 1994. 56. Ethiopia and Eritrea, 2nd ed., by Chris Prouty and Eugene Rosenfeld. 1994. 57. Namibia, by John J. Grotpeter. 1994. 58. Gabon, 2nd ed., by David E. Gardinier. 1994. 59. Comoro Islands, by Martin Ottenheimer and Harriet Ottenheimer. 1994. 60. Rwanda, by Learthen Dorsey. 1994. 61. Benin, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1995. 62. Republic of Cape Verde, 3rd ed., by Richard Lobban and Marlene Lopes. 1995. 63. Ghana, 2nd ed., by David Owusu-Ansah and Daniel Miles McFarland. 1995. 64. Uganda, by M. Louise Pirouet. 1995. 65. Senegal, 2nd ed., by Andrew F. Clark and Lucie Colvin Phillips. 1994. 66. Algeria, 2nd ed., by Phillip Chiviges Naylor and Alf Andrew Heggoy. 1994. 67. Egypt, 2nd ed., by Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. 1994. Out of Print, See No. 90. 68. Mauritania, 2nd ed., by Anthony G. Pazzanita. 1996. 69. Congo, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo, Virginia Thompson, and Richard Adloff. 1996. 70. Botswana, 3rd ed., by Jeff Ramsay, Barry Morton, and Fred Morton. 1996. 71. Morocco, 2nd ed., by Thomas K. Park. 1996. 72. Tanzania, 2nd ed., by Thomas P. Ofcansky and Rodger Yeager. 1997. 73. Burundi, 2nd ed., by Ellen K. Eggers. 1997. 74. Burkina Faso, 2nd ed., by Daniel Miles McFarland and Lawrence Rupley. 1998. 75. Eritrea, by Tom Killion. 1998. 76. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), by F. Scott Bobb. 1999. (Revised edition of Historical Dictionary of Zaire, No. 43) 77. Kenya, 2nd ed., by Robert M. Maxon and Thomas P. Ofcansky. 2000. 78. South Africa, 2nd ed., by Christopher Saunders and Nicholas Southey. 2000. 79. The Gambia, 3rd ed., by Arnold Hughes and Harry A. Gailey. 2000. 80. Swaziland, 2nd ed., by Alan R. Booth. 2000. 81. Republic of Cameroon, 3rd ed., by Mark W. DeLancey and Mark Dike DeLancey. 2000. 82. Djibouti, by Daoud A. Alwan and Yohanis Mibrathu. 2000. 83. Liberia, 2nd ed., by D. Elwood Dunn, Amos J. Beyan, and Carl Patrick Burrowes. 2001. 84. Malawi, 3rd ed., by Owen J. Kalinga and Cynthia A. Crosby. 2001. 85. Sudan, 3rd ed., by Richard A. Lobban Jr., Robert S. Kramer, Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban. 2002. 86. Zimbabwe, 3rd ed., by Steven C. Rubert and R. Kent Rasmussen. 2001. 87. Somalia, 2nd ed., by Mohamed Haji Mukhtar. 2002. 88. Mozambique, 2nd ed., by Mario Azevedo, Ernrnanuel Nnadozie, and Tom6 Mbuia JoZo. 2003. 89. Egypt, 3rd ed., by Arthur Goldschrnidt Jr., and Robert Johnston, 2003. 90. Lesotho, by Scott Rosenberg, Richard Weisfelder, and Michelle Frisbie-Fulton, 2004. Historical Dictionary Third Edition Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. Robert Johnston African Historical Dictionaries, No. 89 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland, and Oxford 2003 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.~carecrowpre~~.com POBox 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright O 2003 by Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. and Robert Johnston All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goldschmidt, Arthur, 1938- Historical dictionary of Egypt / Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr., Robert Johnston.- 3rd ed. p. cm. - (African historical dictionaries ; no. 89) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8 108-4856-2 1. Egypt-History-1 5 17-1 882-Dictionaries. 2. Egypt-History-1798-Dictionaries. 3. Egypt-History-15 17-1 882-Bibliography. 4. Egypt-History-1798-Bibliography. I. Johnston, Robert, 1952- 11. Title. 111. Series. DT75 .G65 2003 962'.003--dc2 1 2003010959 he paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSIINISO 239.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. DEDICATION To the late Arthur E. Goldschmidt and Elizabeth Wickenden Goldschmidt and to William Smith Johnston and Shirley Groth Johnston CONTENTS xi Editor's Foreword (Jon Woronoff) xiii Acknowledgments Reader's Note xvii Acronyms and Abbreviations xix Maps xxi Chronology 1 Introduction 23 THE DICTIONARY Appendixes 1. Political Leaders 2. Weights and Measures 3. Military Ranks Bibliography About the Authors